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Between 10 and 1000 kHz the absorption of sound in seawater can be considered as the sum of contributions from pure water and MgSO4. Near 10 kHz there is also a small contribution from boric acid. The contribution from MgSO4 is treated extensively using the authors' measurements of absorption in the ocean to construct a quant. equation for absorption as a function of temp., salinity, and depth.

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Physical Review Applied (2020), 13 (5), 054069CODEN: PRAHB2; ISSN:2331-7019. (American Physical Society)

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used in acoustofluidic devices among other lab-on-a-chip systems, but a systematic study of its acoustic parameters is lacking, making it difficult to study the acoustic-PDMS interactions accurately during device designs and evaluations. Here the phase velocities and attenuation coeffs. of longitudinal and shear acoustic waves propagating in SylgardTM 184 samples are measured throughout the frequency band from 3.0 to 7.0 MHz. Five sample groups are prepd., corresponding to different base-agent mixing ratios σ and curing temps. T, σ,T=(10:1,85oC), (7:1, 85 oC), (5:1, 85 oC), (10:1, 65 oC), and (10:1, 100 oC). The shear wave measurements involved examg. the change of the reflection coeff. at a solid surface caused by the attachment of the samples. For longitudinal waves, the parameters are obtained by analyzing their round-trip transmissions inside double-layered solid-PDMS structures. Apart from these, the influence of sample aging on the concerned parameters are also examd. With the measured results, the parameters lead to fitted functions based on the Kramers-Kronig principle, which should benefit users working outside the studied frequency range. Finally, the two independent parameters in the elastic matrix of PDMS are provided.

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Holog. techniques are fundamental to applications such as volumetric displays, high-d. data storage and optical tweezers that require spatial control of intricate optical or acoustic fields within a three-dimensional vol. The basis of holog. is spatial storage of the phase and/or amplitude profile of the desired wavefront in a manner that allows that wavefront to be reconstructed by interference when the hologram is illuminated with a suitable coherent source. Modern computer-generated holog. skips the process of recording a hologram from a phys. scene, and instead calcs. the required phase profile before rendering it for reconstruction. In ultrasound applications, the phase profile is typically generated by discrete and independently driven ultrasound sources; however, these can only be used in small nos., which limits the complexity or degrees of freedom that can be attained in the wavefront. Here we introduce monolithic acoustic holograms, which can reconstruct diffraction-limited acoustic pressure fields and thus arbitrary ultrasound beams. We use rapid fabrication to craft the holograms and achieve reconstruction degrees of freedom two orders of magnitude higher than com. phased array sources. The technique is inexpensive, appropriate for both transmission and reflection elements, and scales well to higher information content, larger aperture size and higher power. The complex three-dimensional pressure and phase distributions produced by these acoustic holograms allow us to demonstrate new approaches to controlled ultrasonic manipulation of solids in water, and of liqs. and solids in air. We expect that acoustic holograms will enable new capabilities in beam-steering and the contactless transfer of power, improve medical imaging, and drive new applications of ultrasound.

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Nature Reviews Materials (2018), 3 (12), 460-472CODEN: NRMADL; ISSN:2058-8437. (Nature Research)

A review. Acoustic metasurfaces derive their characteristics from the interaction between acoustic waves and specifically designed materials. The field is driven by the desire to control acoustic wave propagation using compact devices and is governed by fundamental and phys. principles that provide the design rules and the functionality of a wave. Acoustic metasurfaces have added value and unusual functionalities compared with their predecessor in materials science, namely, acoustic metamaterials. These rationally designed 2D materials of subwavelength thickness provide a new route for sound wave manipulation. In this Review, we delineate the fundamental physics of metasurfaces, describe their different concepts and design strategies, and discuss their functionalities for controllable reflection, transmission and extraordinary absorption. In particular, we outline the main designs of acoustic metasurfaces, including those based on coiling-up space, Helmholtz-resonator-like and membrane-type structures, and discuss their applications, such as beam focusing, asym. transmission and self-bending beams. We conclude with an outlook of the future directions in this emerging field.

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Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (2005), 118 (6), 3499-3505CODEN: JASMAN; ISSN:0001-4966. (American Institute of Physics)

We present a model applicable to ultrasound contrast agent bubbles that takes into account the phys. properties of a lipid monolayer coating on a gas microbubble. Three parameters describe the properties of the shell: a buckling radius, the compressibility of the shell, and a break-up shell tension. The model presents an original non-linear behavior at large amplitude oscillations, termed compression-only, induced by the buckling of the lipid monolayer. This prediction is validated by exptl. recordings with the high-speed camera Brandaris 128, operated at several millions of frames per s. The effect of aging, or the resultant of repeated acoustic pressure pulses on bubbles, is predicted by the model. It corrects a flaw in the shell elasticity term previously used in the dynamical equation for coated bubbles. The break-up is modeled by a crit. shell tension above which gas is directly exposed to water.

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Gritsenko, Dmitry; Lin, Yang; Hovorka, Vladimir; Zhang, Zhifeng; Ahmadianyazdi, Alireza; Xu, Jie

Physics of Fluids (2018), 30 (8), 082001/1-082001/8CODEN: PHFLE6; ISSN:1070-6631. (American Institute of Physics)

Oscillating bubbles have proven to be a versatile tool for various microfluidic applications. Despite the existence of the extensive literature on the behavior of acoustically actuated bubbles, a ready-to-use approach, capable of predicting the oscillatory motion for the bubbles trapped in the circular microcavities, is still missing. In this study, we propose a theor. model to quantify the resonant frequencies and viscous dissipation factors for a single trapped bubble and verify it exptl. We further investigate an interaction of two coupled bubbles of equal and different radii. For the identical bubble pair, coupling results in controllable frequency shift from the modes of a single bubble, whereas the non-identical one can operate as a flow switch. (c) 2018 American Institute of Physics.

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Sijl, J. ; Overvelde, M. ; Dollet, B. ; Garbin, V. ; de Jong, N. ; Lohse, D. ; Versluis, M. Compression-Only" Behavior: A Second-Order Nonlinear Response of Ultrasound Contrast Agent Microbubbles. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2011, 129 , 1729– 1739, DOI: 10.1121/1.3505116

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"Compression-only" behavior: a second-order nonlinear response of ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles

Sijl Jeroen; Overvelde Marlies; Dollet Benjamin; Garbin Valeria; de Jong Nico; Lohse Detlef; Versluis Michel

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (2011), 129 (4), 1729-39 ISSN:.

Oscillating phospholipid-coated ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles display a so-called "compression-only" behavior, where it is observed that the bubbles compress efficiently while their expansion is suppressed. Here, a theoretical understanding of the source of this nonlinear behavior is provided through a weakly nonlinear analysis of the shell buckling model proposed by Marmottant et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 118, 3499-3505 (2005)]. It is shown that the radial dynamics of the bubble can be considered as a superposition of a linear response at the fundamental driving frequency and a second-order nonlinear low-frequency response that describes the negative offset of the mean bubble radius. The analytical solution deduced from the weakly nonlinear analysis shows that the compression-only behavior results from a rapid change of the shell elasticity with bubble radius. In addition, the radial dynamics of single phospholipid-coated microbubbles was recorded as a function of both the amplitude and the frequency of the driving pressure pulse. The comparison between the experimental data and the theory shows that the magnitude of compression-only behavior is mainly determined by the initial phospholipids concentration on the bubble surface, which slightly varies from bubble to bubble.

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Acoustofluidics 14: Applications of acoustic streaming in microfluidic devices

Wiklund, Martin; Green, Roy; Ohlin, Mathias

Lab on a Chip (2012), 12 (14), 2438-2451CODEN: LCAHAM; ISSN:1473-0189. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

In part 14 of the tutorial series acoustofluidics - exploiting ultrasonic standing wave forces and acoustic streaming in microfluidic systems for cell and particle manipulation, a qual. description is provided of acoustic streaming and its applications in lab-on-a-chip devices are considered. The paper covers boundary layer driven streaming, including Schlichting and Rayleigh streaming, Eckart streaming in the bulk fluid, cavitation microstreaming and surface-acoustic-wave-driven streaming.

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PIV applied to eckart streaming produced by a medical ultrasound transducer

Cosgrove J A; Buick J M; Pye S D; Greated C A

Ultrasonics (2001), 39 (6), 461-4 ISSN:0041-624X.

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is applied for the first time to study Eckart streaming induced by a medical ultrasonic transducer operating at a frequency of 3.3 MHz and effective acoustic intensities of 0.25 and 3 Wcm(-2). A temporal series of velocities in a two-dimensional plane were recorded resulting in an experimental set comprising over half a million velocity data points. These enabled average and fluctuating properties to be determined and clearly indicated the quasi-steady nature of the flow. The average large scale velocity fluctuations along the axis caused by this quasi-steady property were calculated to be 2 and 20 m ms(-1) at effective intensities of 0.25 and 3 Wcm(-2) respectively corresponding to approximately 25% of the peak flow velocity in both cases. Furthermore averaged shear rates were calculated with peak values of 1 and 8 s(-1) for the low and high intensities respectively. The present investigation indicates the usefulness of PIV for such studies and serves as a prelude to investigations of streaming in biological type fluids.

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Zhang, C. ; Guo, X. ; Royon, L. ; Brunet, P. Unveiling of the Mechanisms of Acoustic Streaming Induced by Sharp Edges. Phys. Rev. E: Stat. Phys., Plasmas, Fluids, Relat. Interdiscip. Top. 2020, 102 , 043110, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.102.043110

Marmottant, P. ; Biben, T. ; Hilgenfeldt, S. Deformation and Rupture of Lipid Vesicles in the Strong Shear Flow Generated by Ultrasound-Driven Microbubbles. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 2008, 464 , 1781– 1800, DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2007.0362

Yosioka, K. ; Kawasima, Y. Acoustic Radiation Pressure on a Compressible Sphere. Acta Acust. Acust. 1955, 5 , 167– 173

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Bruus, H. Acoustofluidics 7: The Acoustic Radiation Force on Small Particles. Lab Chip 2012, 12 , 1014– 1021, DOI: 10.1039/c2lc21068a

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Acoustofluidics 7: The acoustic radiation force on small particles

Bruus, Henrik

Lab on a Chip (2012), 12 (6), 1014-1021CODEN: LCAHAM; ISSN:1473-0189. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

In this paper, Part 7 of the thematic tutorial series "Acoustofluidics - exploiting ultrasonic standing waves, forces and acoustic streaming in microfluidic systems for cell and particle manipulation ", we present the theory of the acoustic radiation force; a second-order, time-averaged effect responsible for the acoustophoretic motion of suspended, micrometre-sized particles in an ultrasound field.

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Lee, J. ; Teh, S. Y. ; Lee, A. ; Kim, H. H. ; Lee, C. ; Shung, K. K. Single Beam Acoustic Trapping. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95 , 073701, DOI: 10.1063/1.3206910

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Single beam acoustic trapping

Lee, Jungwoo; Teh, Shia-Yen; Lee, Abraham; Kim, Hyung Ham; Lee, Changyang; Shung, K. Kirk

Applied Physics Letters (2009), 95 (7), 073701/1-073701/3CODEN: APPLAB; ISSN:0003-6951. (American Institute of Physics)

A single beam acoustic device, with its relatively simple scheme and low intensity, can trap a single lipid droplet in a manner similar to optical tweezers. Forces in the order of hundreds of nanonewtons direct the droplet toward the beam focus, within the range of hundreds of micrometers. This trapping method, therefore, can be a useful tool for particle manipulation in areas where larger particles or forces are involved. (c) 2009 American Institute of Physics.

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Baudoin, M. ; Thomas, J.-L. ; Sahely, R. A. ; Gerbedoen, J.-C. ; Gong, Z. ; Sivery, A. ; Matar, O. B. ; Smagin, N. ; Favreau, P. ; Vlandas, A. Spatially Selective Manipulation of Cells with Single-Beam Acoustical Tweezers. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11 , 4244, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18000-y

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Spatially selective manipulation of cells with single-beam acoustical tweezers

Baudoin, Michael; Thomas, Jean-Louis; Sahely, Roudy Al; Gerbedoen, Jean-Claude; Gong, Zhixiong; Sivery, Aude; Matar, Olivier Bou; Smagin, Nikolay; Favreau, Peter; Vlandas, Alexis

Nature Communications (2020), 11 (1), 4244CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)

Acoustical tweezers open major prospects in microbiol. for cells and microorganisms contactless manipulation, organization and mech. properties testing since they are biocompatible, label-free and have the potential to exert forces several orders of magnitude larger than their optical counterpart at equiv. power. Yet, these perspectives have so far been hindered by the absence of spatial selectivity of existing acoustical tweezers - i.e., the ability to select and move objects individually - and/or their limited resoln. restricting their use to large particle manipulation only and/or finally the limited forces that they could apply. Here, we report precise selective manipulation and positioning of individual human cells in a std. microscopy environment with trapping forces up to ∼200 pN without altering their viability. These results are obtained with miniaturized acoustical tweezers combining holog. with active materials to synthesize specific wavefields called focused acoustical vortices designed to produce stiff localized traps with reduced acoustic power.

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Lenshof, A. ; Magnusson, C. ; Laurell, T. Acoustofluidics 8: Applications of Acoustophoresis in Continuous Flow Microsystems. Lab Chip 2012, 12 , 1210– 1223, DOI: 10.1039/c2lc21256k

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Acoustofluidics 8: Applications of acoustophoresis in continuous flow microsystems

Lenshof, Andreas; Magnusson, Cecilia; Laurell, Thomas

Lab on a Chip (2012), 12 (7), 1210-1223CODEN: LCAHAM; ISSN:1473-0189. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

A tutorial review. This acoustofluidics tutorial focuses on continuous flow-based half wavelength resonator systems operated in the transversal mode, where the direction of the primary acoustic force acts in plane with the microchip. The transversal actuation mode facilitates integration with up- and downstream microchannel networks as well as visual control of the acoustic focusing expt. Applications of particle enrichment in an acoustic half wavelength resonator are discussed as well as clarification of the carrier fluid from undesired particles. Binary sepn. of particle/vesicle/cell mixts. into two subpopulations is outlined based on the different polarities of the acoustic contrast factor. Also, continuous flow sepn. of different particle/cell types is described where both Free Flow Acoustophoresis (FFA) and binary acoustophoresis are used. By capitalizing on the laminar flow regime, acoustophoresis proved esp. successful in performing bead/cell translations between different buffer systems. Likewise, the ability to controllably translate particulate matter across streamlines has opened a route to valving of cells/particles without any moving parts, where event triggered cell sorting is becoming an increasing area of activity. Recent developments now also enable measurements of fundamental cell properties such as d. and compressibility by acoustophoresis. General aspects on working with live cells in acoustophoresis systems are discussed as well as available means to quantify the outcome of cell and particle sepn. expts. performed by acoustophoresis.

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Mettin, R. ; Akhatov, I. ; Parlitz, U. ; Ohl, C. D. ; Lauterborn, W. Bjerknes Forces between Small Cavitation Bubbles in a Strong Acoustic Field. Phys. Rev. E: Stat. Phys., Plasmas, Fluids, Relat. Interdiscip. Top. 1997, 56 , 2924– 2931, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.56.2924

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Bjerknes forces between small cavitation bubbles in a strong acoustic field

Mettin, R.; Akhatov, I.; Parlitz, U.; Ohl, C. D.; Lauterborn, W.

Physical Review E: Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, and Related Interdisciplinary Topics (1997), 56 (3-A), 2924-2931CODEN: PLEEE8; ISSN:1063-651X. (American Physical Society)

The mutual interaction between small oscillating cavitation bubbles (R0<10 μm) in a strong acoustic field (Pa>1 bar, f=20 kHz) is investigated numerically. We assume spherical symmetry and a coupling of the bubble oscillations. Our results show that the strength and even the directions of the resulting secondary Bjerknes forces differ considerably from predictions of the well-known linear theory. This is of immediate consequence for understanding and modeling structure formation processes in acoustic cavitation and multibubble sonoluminescence.

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Silva, G. T. ; Bruus, H. Acoustic Interaction Forces between Small Particles in an Ideal Fluid. Phys. Rev. E 2014, 90 , 063007, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.90.063007

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Acoustic interaction forces between small particles in an ideal fluid

Silva, Glauber T.; Bruus, Henrik

Physical Review E: Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics (2014), 90 (6-B), 063007-1CODEN: PRESCM; ISSN:1539-3755. (American Physical Society)

We present a theor. expression for the acoustic interaction force between small spherical particles suspended in an ideal fluid exposed to an external acoustic wave. The acoustic interaction force is the part of the acoustic radiation force on one given particle involving the scattered waves from the other particles. The particles, either compressible liq. droplets or elastic microspheres, are considered to be much smaller than the acoustic wavelength. In this so-called Rayleigh limit, the acoustic interaction forces between the particles are well approximated by gradients of pair-interaction potentials with no restriction on the interparticle distance. The theory is applied to studies of the acoustic interaction force on a particle suspension in either standing or traveling plane waves. The results show aggregation regions along the wave propagation direction, while particles may attract or repel each other in the transverse direction. In addn., a mean-field approxn. is developed to describe the acoustic interaction force in an emulsion of oil droplets in water.

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Noltingk, B. E. ; Neppiras, E. A. Cavitation Produced by Ultrasonics. Proc. Phys. Soc., London, Sect. B 1950, 63 , 674– 685, DOI: 10.1088/0370-1301/63/9/305

Suslick, K. S. ; Eddingsaas, N. C. ; Flannigan, D. J. ; Hopkins, S. D. ; Xu, H. The Chemical History of a Bubble. Acc. Chem. Res. 2018, 51 , 2169– 2178, DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00088

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The Chemical History of a Bubble

Suslick, Kenneth S.; Eddingsaas, Nathan C.; Flannigan, David J.; Hopkins, Stephen D.; Xu, Hangxun

Accounts of Chemical Research (2018), 51 (9), 2169-2178CODEN: ACHRE4; ISSN:0001-4842. (American Chemical Society)

A review. Acoustic cavitation (the growth, oscillation, and rapid collapse of bubbles in a liq.) occurs in all liqs. irradiated with sufficient intensity of sound or ultrasound. The collapse of such bubbles creates local heating and provides a unique source of energy for driving chem. reactions. In addn. to sonochem. bond scission and formation, cavitation also induces light emission in many liqs. This phenomenon of sonoluminescence (SL) has captured the imagination of many researchers since it was first obsd. 85 years ago. SL provides a direct probe of cavitation events and has provided most of our understanding of the conditions created inside collapsing bubbles. Spectroscopic analyses of SL from single acoustically levitated bubbles as well as from clouds of bubbles have revealed mol., at., and ionic line and band emission riding atop an underlying continuum arising from radiative plasma processes. Application of spectrometric methods of pyrometry and plasma diagnostics to these spectra has permitted quant. measurement of the intracavity conditions: relative peak intensities for temp. measurements, peak shifts and broadening for pressures, and peak asymmetries for plasma electron densities. The studies discussed herein have revealed that extraordinary conditions are generated inside the collapsing bubbles in ordinary room-temp. liqs.: observable temps. exceeding 15 000 K (i.e., three times the surface temp. of our sun), pressures of well over 1000 bar (more than the pressure at the bottom of the Mariana Trench), and heating and cooling rates in excess of 1012 K·s-1. Scientists from many disciplines, and even nonscientists, have been and continue to be intrigued by the consequences of dynamic bubbles in liqs. As chemists, we are fascinated by the high energy reactions and processes that occur during acoustic cavitation and by the use of SL as a spectroscopic probe of the events during cavitation. Within the chem. realm of SL and cavitation there are many interesting questions that are now answered but also many that remain to be explored, so we hope that this Account reveals to the reader some of the most fascinating of those curiosities as we explore the chem. history of a bubble. The high energy species produced inside collapsing bubbles also lead to secondary reactions from the high energy species created within the collapsing bubble diffusing into the bulk liq. and expanding the range of sonochem. reactions obsd., esp. in redox reactions relevant to nanomaterials synthesis. Bubbles near solid surfaces deform upon collapse, which lessens the internal heating within the bubble, as shown by SL studies, but introduces important mech. consequences in terms of surface damage and increased surface reactivity. Our understanding of the conditions created during cavitation has informed the applications of ultrasound to a wide range of chem. applications, from nanomaterials to synthetically useful org. reactions to biomedical and pharmaceutical uses. Indeed, we echo Michael Faraday's observation concerning a candle flame, "There is not a law under which any part of this universe is governed which does not come into play and is touched upon in these phenomena.".

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Thanh Nguyen, T. ; Asakura, Y. ; Koda, S. ; Yasuda, K. Dependence of Cavitation, Chemical Effect, and Mechanical Effect Thresholds on Ultrasonic Frequency. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2017, 39 , 301– 306, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.04.037

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Dependence of cavitation, chemical effect, and mechanical effect thresholds on ultrasonic frequency

Thanh Nguyen Tam; Asakura Yoshiyuki; Koda Shinobu; Yasuda Keiji

Ultrasonics sonochemistry (2017), 39 (), 301-306 ISSN:.

Cavitation, chemical effect, and mechanical effect thresholds were investigated in wide frequency ranges from 22 to 4880kHz. Each threshold was measured in terms of sound pressure at fundamental frequency. Broadband noise emitted from acoustic cavitation bubbles was detected by a hydrophone to determine the cavitation threshold. Potassium iodide oxidation caused by acoustic cavitation was used to quantify the chemical effect threshold. The ultrasonic erosion of aluminum foil was conducted to estimate the mechanical effect threshold. The cavitation, chemical effect, and mechanical effect thresholds increased with increasing frequency. The chemical effect threshold was close to the cavitation threshold for all frequencies. At low frequency below 98kHz, the mechanical effect threshold was nearly equal to the cavitation threshold. However, the mechanical effect threshold was greatly higher than the cavitation threshold at high frequency. In addition, the thresholds of the second harmonic and the first ultraharmonic signals were measured to detect bubble occurrence. The threshold of the second harmonic approximated to the cavitation threshold below 1000kHz. On the other hand, the threshold of the first ultraharmonic was higher than the cavitation threshold below 98kHz and near to the cavitation threshold at high frequency.

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Borden, M. A. ; Song, K.-H. Reverse Engineering the Ultrasound Contrast Agent. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2018, 262 , 39– 49, DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.10.004

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Reverse engineering the ultrasound contrast agent

Borden, Mark A.; Song, Kang-Ho

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science (2018), 262 (), 39-49CODEN: ACISB9; ISSN:0001-8686. (Elsevier B.V.)

A review. In this review, a brief history and current state-of-the-art is given to stimulate the rational design of new microbubbles through the reverse engineering of current ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs). It is shown that an effective microbubble should be biocompatible, echogenic and stable. Phys. mechanisms and engineering calcns. have been provided to illustrate these properties and how they can be achieved. The reverse-engineering design paradigm is applied to study current FDA-approved and com. available UCAs. Given the sophistication of microbubble designs reported in the literature, rapid development and adoption of ultrasound device hardware and techniques, and the growing no. of revolutionary biomedical applications moving toward the clinic, the field of Microbubble Engineering is fertile for breakthroughs in next-generation UCA technol. It is up to current and future microbubble engineers and clinicians to push forward with regulatory approval and clin. adoption of advanced UCA technologies in the years to come.

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Stride, E. ; Coussios, C. Nucleation, Mapping and Control of Cavitation for Drug Delivery. Nat. Rev. Phys. 2019, 1 , 495– 509, DOI: 10.1038/s42254-019-0074-y

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Nucleation, mapping and control of cavitation for drug delivery

Stride, Eleanor; Coussios, Constantin

Nature Reviews Physics (2019), 1 (8), 495-509CODEN: NRPACZ; ISSN:2522-5820. (Nature Research)

Abstr.: Acoustically driven bubbles produce a range of mech., thermal and chem. effects that can be exploited in drug delivery applications. Significant improvements in the targeting, distribution and efficacy of both current and emerging therapeutics can be achieved, from small mols. to biologics and nucleic-acid-based drugs. This Review describes how specially designed cavitation nuclei in the form of solid, liq. or gas particles can enable the triggered release of drugs, promote the permeabiliziation of challenging biol. barriers and enhance drug delivery through tissue regions where diffusion alone is inadequate. Scalable strategies for mapping and controlling cavitation activity to harness its therapeutic potential at depth within the body are discussed, alongside current and emerging applications for the treatment of diseases, including cancer and stroke.

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Center for Devices and Radiological Health. Marketing Clearance of Diagnostic Ultrasound Systems and Transducers; Docket Number FDA-2017-D-5372. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2019. https://www.fda.gov/media/71100/download.

Bouyer, C. ; Chen, P. ; Güven, S. ; Demirtaş, T. T. ; Nieland, T. J. ; Padilla, F. ; Demirci, U. A Bio-Acoustic Levitational (BAL) Assembly Method for Engineering of Multilayered, 3D Brain-Like Constructs, Using Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Neuro-Progenitors. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28 , 161– 167, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503916

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A Bio-Acoustic Levitational (BAL) Assembly Method for Engineering of Multilayered, 3D Brain-Like Constructs, Using Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Neuro-Progenitors

Bouyer, Charlene; Chen, Pu; Gueven, Sinan; Demirtas, Tugrul Tolga; Nieland, Thomas J. F.; Padilla, Frederic; Demirci, Utkan

Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2016), 28 (1), 161-167CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

A bio-acoustic levitational assembly method for engineering of multilayered, 3D brain-like constructs is presented. Acoustic radiation forces are used to levitate human embryonic stem cell derived neuro-progenitors in 3D multilayered fibrin tissue constructs. The neuro-progenitor cells are subsequently differentiated in neural cells, resulting in a 3D neuronal construct with inter and intralayer neurite elongations.

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Ao, Z. ; Cai, H. ; Wu, Z. ; Ott, J. ; Wang, H. ; Mackie, K. ; Guo, F. Controllable Fusion of Human Brain Organoids Using Acoustofluidics. Lab Chip 2021, 21 , 688– 699, DOI: 10.1039/D0LC01141J

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Controllable fusion of human brain organoids using acoustofluidics

Ao, Zheng; Cai, Hongwei; Wu, Zhuhao; Ott, Jonathan; Wang, Huiliang; Mackie, Ken; Guo, Feng

Lab on a Chip (2021), 21 (4), 688-699CODEN: LCAHAM; ISSN:1473-0189. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

The fusion of human organoids holds promising potential in modeling physiol. and pathol. processes of tissue genesis and organogenesis. However, current fused organoid models face challenges of high heterogeneity and variable reproducibility, which may stem from the random fusion of heterogeneous organoids. Thus, we developed a simple and versatile acoustofluidic method to improve the standardization of fused organoid models via a controllable spatial arrangement of organoids. By regulating dynamic acoustic fields within a hexagonal acoustofluidic device, we can rotate, transport, and fuse one organoid with another in a contact-free, label-free, and minimal-impact manner. As a proof-of-concept to model the development of the human midbrain-to-forebrain mesocortical pathway, we acoustically fused human forebrain organoids (hFOs) and human midbrain organoids (hMOs) with the controllable alignment of neuroepithelial buds. We found that post-assembly, hMO can successfully project tyrosine hydroxylase neurons towards hFO, accompanied by an increase of firing rates and synchrony of excitatory neurons. Moreover, we found that our controllable fusion method can regulate neuron projection (e.g., range, length, and d.), projection maturation (e.g., higher firing rate and synchrony), and neural progenitor cell (NPC) division in the assembloids via the initial spatial control. Thus, our acoustofluidic method may serve as a label-free, contact-free, and highly biocompatible tool to effectively assemble organoids and facilitate the standardization and robustness of organoid-based disease models and tissue engineering.

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Olofsson, K. ; Carannante, V. ; Takai, M. ; Onfelt, B. ; Wiklund, M. Ultrasound-Based Scaffold-Free Core-Shell Multicellular Tumor Spheroid Formation. Micromachines 2021, 12 , 329, DOI: 10.3390/mi12030329

Armstrong, J. P. ; Puetzer, J. L. ; Serio, A. ; Guex, A. G. ; Kapnisi, M. ; Breant, A. ; Zong, Y. ; Assal, V. ; Skaalure, S. C. ; King, O. Engineering Anisotropic Muscle Tissue Using Acoustic Cell Patterning. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30 , 1802649, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802649

Olofsson, K. ; Hammarström, B. ; Wiklund, M. Ultrasonic Based Tissue Modelling and Engineering. Micromachines 2018, 9 , 594, DOI: 10.3390/mi9110594

Olofsson, K. ; Carannante, V. ; Ohlin, M. ; Frisk, T. ; Kushiro, K. ; Takai, M. ; Lundqvist, A. ; Önfelt, B. ; Wiklund, M. Acoustic Formation of Multicellular Tumor Spheroids Enabling On-Chip Functional and Structural Imaging. Lab Chip 2018, 18 , 2466– 2476, DOI: 10.1039/C8LC00537K

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Acoustic formation of multicellular tumor spheroids enabling on-chip functional and structural imaging

Olofsson, K.; Carannante, V.; Ohlin, M.; Frisk, T.; Kushiro, K.; Takai, M.; Lundqvist, A.; Oenfelt, B.; Wiklund, M.

Lab on a Chip (2018), 18 (16), 2466-2476CODEN: LCAHAM; ISSN:1473-0189. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

Understanding the complex 3D tumor microenvironment is important in cancer research. This microenvironment can be modelled in vitro by culturing multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS). Key challenges when using MCTS in applications such as high-throughput drug screening are overcoming imaging and anal. issues encountered during functional and structural investigations. To address these challenges, we use an ultrasonic standing wave (USW) based MCTS culture platform for parallel formation, staining and imaging of 100 whole MCTS. A protein repellent amphiphilic polymer coating enables flexible prodn. of high quality and unanchored MCTS. This enables high-content multimode anal. based on flow cytometry and in situ optical microscopy. We use HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma, A498 and ACHN renal carcinoma, and LUTC-2 thyroid carcinoma cell lines to demonstrate (i) the importance of the ultrasound-coating combination, (ii) bright field image based automatic characterization of MTCS, (iii) detailed deep tissue confocal imaging of whole MCTS mounted in a refractive index matching soln., and (iv) single cell functional anal. through flow cytometry of single cell suspensions of disintegrated MTCS. The USW MCTS culture platform is customizable and holds great potential for detailed multimode MCTS anal. in a high-content manner.

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Shi, J. ; Ahmed, D. ; Mao, X. ; Lin, S.-C. S. ; Lawit, A. ; Huang, T. J. Acoustic Tweezers: Patterning Cells and Microparticles Using Standing Surface Acoustic Waves (SSAW). Lab Chip 2009, 9 , 2890– 2895, DOI: 10.1039/b910595f

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Acoustic tweezers: Patterning cells and microparticles using standing surface acoustic waves (SSAW)

Shi, Jinjie; Ahmed, Daniel; Mao, Xiaole; Lin, Sz-Chin Steven; Lawit, Aitan; Huang, Tony Jun

Lab on a Chip (2009), 9 (20), 2890-2895CODEN: LCAHAM; ISSN:1473-0197. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

Here the authors present an active patterning technique named acoustic tweezers that uses standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) to manipulate and pattern cells and microparticles. This technique is capable of patterning cells and microparticles regardless of shape, size, charge or polarity. Its power intensity, ∼5 × 105 times lower than that of optical tweezers, compares favorably with those of other active patterning methods. Flow cytometry studies revealed it to be noninvasive. The aforementioned advantages, along with this technique's simple design and ability to be miniaturized, render the acoustic tweezers technique a promising tool for various applications in biol., chem., engineering, and materials science.

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Collins, D. J. ; Morahan, B. ; Garcia-Bustos, J. ; Doerig, C. ; Plebanski, M. ; Neild, A. Two-Dimensional Single-Cell Patterning with One Cell per Well Driven by Surface Acoustic Waves. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6 , 8686, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9686

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Two-dimensional single-cell patterning with one cell per well driven by surface acoustic waves

Collins, David J.; Morahan, Belinda; Garcia-Bustos, Jose; Doerig, Christian; Plebanski, Magdalena; Neild, Adrian

Nature Communications (2015), 6 (), 8686CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)

In single-cell anal., cellular activity and parameters are assayed on an individual, rather than population-av. basis. Essential to observing the activity of these cells over time is the ability to trap, pattern and retain them, for which previous single-cell-patterning work has principally made use of mech. methods. While successful as a long-term cell-patterning strategy, these devices remain essentially single use. Here we introduce a new method for the patterning of multiple spatially sepd. single particles and cells using high-frequency acoustic fields with one cell per acoustic well. We characterize and demonstrate patterning for both a range of particle sizes and the capture and patterning of cells, including human lymphocytes and red blood cells infected by the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. This ability is made possible by a hitherto unexplored regime where the acoustic wavelength is on the same order as the cell dimensions.

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Chen, P. ; Güven, S. ; Usta, O. B. ; Yarmush, M. L. ; Demirci, U. Biotunable Acoustic Node Assembly of Organoids. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2015, 4 , 1937– 1943, DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500279

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Biotunable Acoustic Node Assembly of Organoids

Chen, Pu; Gueven, Sinan; Usta, Osman Berk; Yarmush, Martin L.; Demirci, Utkan

Advanced Healthcare Materials (2015), 4 (13), 1937-1943CODEN: AHMDBJ; ISSN:2192-2640. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

There is no expanded citation for this reference.

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Ren, T. ; Chen, P. ; Gu, L. ; Ogut, M. G. ; Demirci, U. Soft Ring-Shaped Cellu-Robots with Simultaneous Locomotion in Batches. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32 , 1905713, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905713

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Soft Ring-Shaped Cellu-Robots with Simultaneous Locomotion in Batches

Ren, Tanchen; Chen, Pu; Gu, Longjun; Ogut, Mehmet Giray; Demirci, Utkan

Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2020), 32 (8), 1905713CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

Untethered mini-robots can move single cells or aggregates to build complex constructs in confined spaces and may enable various biomedical applications such as regenerative repair in medicine and biosensing in bioengineering. However, a significant challenge is the ability to control multiple microrobots simultaneously in the same space to operate toward a common goal in a distributed operation. A locomotion strategy that can simultaneously guide the formation and operation of multiple robots in response to a common acoustic stimulus is developed. The scaffold-free cellu-robots comprise only highly packed cells and eliminate the influence of supportive materials, making them less cumbersome during locomotion. The ring shape of the cellu-robot contributes to anisotropic cellular interactions which induce radial cellular orientation. Under a single stimulus, several cellu-robots form predetd. complex structures such as bracelet-like ring-chains which transform into a single new living entity through cell-cell interactions, migration or cellular extensions between cellu-robots.

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Chen, P. ; Luo, Z. ; Güven, S. ; Tasoglu, S. ; Ganesan, A. V. ; Weng, A. ; Demirci, U. Microscale Assembly Directed by Liquid-Based Template. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26 , 5936– 5941, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402079

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Microscale Assembly Directed by Liquid-Based Template

Chen, Pu; Luo, Zhengyuan; Gueven, Sinan; Tasoglu, Savas; Ganesan, Adarsh Venkataraman; Weng, Andrew; Demirci, Utkan

Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2014), 26 (34), 5936-5941CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

The authors report a versatile bottom-up method that enables efficient generation of diverse structures from microscale materials in a reconfigurable and biocompatible way. The authors explored the topog. of liq. surfaces established by standing waves as a template for directed assembly of a large no. (∼106) of microscale materials into diverse sets of ordered, sym. structures. This liq.-based template can be dynamically reconfigured in a few seconds (<5 s), and assembly on the template can be achieved in a scalable and parallel manner. Diverse materials sized from 10 pm to 2 mm, including soft matter, rigid bodies, mammalian cells, cell spheroids, and cell-seeded microcarrier beads, were assembled into structures ranging in area from 100 mm2 to 10,000 mm2. In addn., the assembled structures can be immobilized by chem.- and photo-crosslinking for subsequent applications.

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Ma, Z. ; Holle, A. W. ; Melde, K. ; Qiu, T. ; Poeppel, K. ; Kadiri, V. M. ; Fischer, P. Acoustic Holographic Cell Patterning in a Biocompatible Hydrogel. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32 , 1904181, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904181

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Acoustic Holographic Cell Patterning in a Biocompatible Hydrogel

Ma, Zhichao; Holle, Andrew W.; Melde, Kai; Qiu, Tian; Poeppel, Korbinian; Kadiri, Vincent Mauricio; Fischer, Peer

Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2020), 32 (4), 1904181CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

Acoustophoresis is promising as a rapid, biocompatible, noncontact cell manipulation method, where cells are arranged along the nodes or antinodes of the acoustic field. Typically, the acoustic field is formed in a resonator, which results in highly sym. regular patterns. However, arbitrary, nonsym. shaped cell assemblies are necessary to obtain the irregular cellular arrangements found in biol. tissues. Arbitrarily shaped cell patterns can be obtained from the complex acoustic field distribution defined by an acoustic hologram. Attenuation of the sound field induces localized acoustic streaming and the resultant convection flow gently delivers the suspended cells to the image plane where they form the designed pattern. The process can be implemented in a biocompatible collagen soln., which can then undergo gelation to immobilize the cell pattern inside the viscoelastic matrix. The patterned cells exhibit F-actin-based protrusions, which indicate that the cells grow and thrive within the matrix. Cell viability assays and brightfield imaging after one week confirm cell survival and that the patterns persist. Acoustophoretic cell manipulation by holog. fields thus holds promise for noncontact, long-range, long-term cellular pattern formation, with a wide variety of potential applications in tissue engineering and mechanobiol.

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Gu, Y. ; Chen, C. ; Rufo, J. ; Shen, C. ; Wang, Z. ; Huang, P.-H. ; Fu, H. ; Zhang, P. ; Cummer, S. A. ; Tian, Z. Acoustofluidic Holography for Micro- to Nanoscale Particle Manipulation. ACS Nano 2020, 14 , 14635– 14645, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03754

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Acoustofluidic Holography for Micro- to Nanoscale Particle Manipulation

Gu Yuyang; Chen Chuyi; Rufo Joseph; Wang Zeyu; Huang Po-Hsun; Fu Hai; Zhang Peiran; Huang Tony Jun; Shen Chen; Cummer Steven A; Tian Zhenhua

ACS nano (2020), 14 (11), 14635-14645 ISSN:.

Acoustic-based techniques can manipulate particles in a label-free, contact-free, and biocompatible manner. However, most previous work in acoustic manipulation has been constrained by axisymmetric patterns of pressure nodes and antinodes. Acoustic holography is an emerging technique that offers the potential to generate arbitrary pressure distributions which can be applied to particle manipulation with higher degrees of freedom. However, since current acoustic holography techniques rely on acoustic radiation forces, which decrease dramatically when the target particle size decreases, they have difficulty manipulating particles in the micro/nanoscale. Here, we introduce a holography technique that leverages both an arbitrary acoustic field and controllable fluid motion to offer an effective approach for manipulating micro/nano particles. Our approach, termed acoustofluidic holography (AFH), can manipulate a variety of materials, including cells, polymers, and metals, across sizes ranging from hundreds of micrometers to tens of nanometers.

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Jeger-Madiot, N. ; Arakelian, L. ; Setterblad, N. ; Bruneval, P. ; Hoyos, M. ; Larghero, J. ; Aider, J.-L. Self-Organization and Culture of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Spheroids in Acoustic Levitation. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11 , 8355, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87459-6

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Self-organization and culture of Mesenchymal Stem Cell spheroids in acoustic levitation

Jeger-Madiot, Nathan; Arakelian, Lousineh; Setterblad, Niclas; Bruneval, Patrick; Hoyos, Mauricio; Larghero, Jerome; Aider, Jean-Luc

Scientific Reports (2021), 11 (1), 8355CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Research)

In recent years, 3D cell culture models such as spheroid or organoid technologies have known important developments. Many studies have shown that 3D cultures exhibit better biomimetic properties compared to 2D cultures. These properties are important for in-vitro modeling systems, as well as for in-vivo cell therapies and tissue engineering approaches. A reliable use of 3D cellular models still requires standardized protocols with well-controlled and reproducible parameters. To address this challenge, a robust and scaffold-free approach is proposed, which relies on multi-trap acoustic levitation. This technol. is successfully applied to Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) maintained in acoustic levitation over a 24-h period. During the culture, MSCs spontaneously self-organized from cell sheets to cell spheroids with a characteristic time of about 10 h. Each acoustofluidic chip could contain up to 30 spheroids in acoustic levitation and four chips could be ran in parallel, leading to the prodn. of 120 spheroids per expt. Various biol. characterizations showed that the cells inside the spheroids were viable, maintained the expression of their cell surface markers and had a higher differentiation capacity compared to std. 2D culture conditions. These results open the path to long-time cell culture in acoustic levitation of cell sheets or spheroids for any type of cells.

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Zhu, Y. ; Hu, J. ; Fan, X. ; Yang, J. ; Liang, B. ; Zhu, X. ; Cheng, J. Fine Manipulation of Sound Via Lossy Metamaterials with Independent and Arbitrary Reflection Amplitude and Phase. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9 , 1632, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04103-0

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Fine manipulation of sound via lossy metamaterials with independent and arbitrary reflection amplitude and phase

Zhu Yifan; Hu Jie; Fan Xudong; Yang Jing; Liang Bin; Cheng Jianchun; Hu Jie; Zhu Xuefeng

Nature communications (2018), 9 (1), 1632 ISSN:.

The fine manipulation of sound fields is critical in acoustics yet is restricted by the coupled amplitude and phase modulations in existing wave-steering metamaterials. Commonly, unavoidable losses make it difficult to control coupling, thereby limiting device performance. Here we show the possibility of tailoring the loss in metamaterials to realize fine control of sound in three-dimensional (3D) space. Quantitative studies on the parameter dependence of reflection amplitude and phase identify quasi-decoupled points in the structural parameter space, allowing arbitrary amplitude-phase combinations for reflected sound. We further demonstrate the significance of our approach for sound manipulation by producing self-bending beams, multifocal focusing, and a single-plane two-dimensional hologram, as well as a multi-plane 3D hologram with quality better than the previous phase-controlled approach. Our work provides a route for harnessing sound via engineering the loss, enabling promising device applications in acoustics and related fields.

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Drinkwater, B. W. ; Wilcox, P. D. Ultrasonic Arrays for Non-Destructive Evaluation: A Review. NDT&E Int. 2006, 39 , 525– 541, DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2006.03.006

Marzo, A. ; Seah, S. A. ; Drinkwater, B. W. ; Sahoo, D. R. ; Long, B. ; Subramanian, S. Holographic Acoustic Elements for Manipulation of Levitated Objects. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6 , 8661, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9661

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Holographic acoustic elements for manipulation of levitated objects

Marzo, Asier; Seah, Sue Ann; Drinkwater, Bruce W.; Sahoo, Deepak Ranjan; Long, Benjamin; Subramanian, Sriram

Nature Communications (2015), 6 (), 8661CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)

Sound can levitate objects of different sizes and materials through air, water and tissue. This allows us to manipulate cells, liqs., compds. or living things without touching or contaminating them. However, acoustic levitation has required the targets to be enclosed with acoustic elements or had limited manoeuvrability. Here we optimize the phases used to drive an ultrasonic phased array and show that acoustic levitation can be employed to translate, rotate and manipulate particles using even a single-sided emitter. Furthermore, we introduce the holog. acoustic elements framework that permits the rapid generation of traps and provides a bridge between optical and acoustical trapping. Acoustic structures shaped as tweezers, twisters or bottles emerge as the optimum mechanisms for tractor beams or containerless transportation. Single-beam levitation could manipulate particles inside our body for applications in targeted drug delivery or acoustically controlled micro-machines that do not interfere with magnetic resonance imaging.

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Marzo, A. ; Drinkwater, B. W. Holographic Acoustic Tweezers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2019, 116 , 84– 89, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813047115

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Holographic acoustic tweezers

Marzo, Asier; Drinkwater, Bruce W.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2019), 116 (1), 84-89CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)

Acoustic tweezers use sound radiation forces to manipulate matter without contact. They provide unique characteristics compared with the more established optical tweezers, such as higher trapping forces per unit input power and the ability to manipulate objects from the micrometer to the centimeter scale. They also enable the trapping of a wide range of sample materials in various media. A dramatic advancement in optical tweezers was the development of holog. optical tweezers (HOT) which enabled the independent manipulation of multiple particles leading to applications such as the assembly of 3D microstructures and the probing of soft matter. Now, 20 years after the development of HOT, we present the realization of holog. acoustic tweezers (HAT). We exptl. demonstrate a 40-kHz airborne HAT system implemented using two 256-emitter phased arrays and manipulate individually up to 25 millimetric particles simultaneously. We show that the max. trapping forces are achieved once the emitting array satisfies Nyquist sampling and an emission phase discretization below π/8 radians. When considered on the scale of a wavelength, HAT provides similar manipulation capabilities as HOT while retaining its unique characteristics. The examples shown here suggest the future use of HAT for novel forms of displays in which the objects are made of phys. levitating voxels, assembly processes in the micrometer and millimetric scale, as well as positioning and orientation of multiple objects which could lead to biomedical applications.

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Ma, Z. ; Melde, K. ; Athanassiadis, A. G. ; Schau, M. ; Richter, H. ; Qiu, T. ; Fischer, P. Spatial Ultrasound Modulation by Digitally Controlling Microbubble Arrays. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11 , 4537, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18347-2

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Spatial ultrasound modulation by digitally controlling microbubble arrays

Ma, Zhichao; Melde, Kai; Athanassiadis, Athanasios G.; Schau, Michael; Richter, Harald; Qiu, Tian; Fischer, Peer

Nature Communications (2020), 11 (1), 4537CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)

Abstr.: Acoustic waves, capable of transmitting through optically opaque objects, have been widely used in biomedical imaging, industrial sensing and particle manipulation. High-fidelity wave front shaping is essential to further improve performance in these applications. An acoustic analog to the successful spatial light modulator (SLM) in optics would be highly desirable. To date there have been no techniques shown that provide effective and dynamic modulation of a sound wave and which also support scale-up to a high no. of individually addressable pixels. In the present study, we introduce a dynamic spatial ultrasound modulator (SUM), which dynamically reshapes incident plane waves into complex acoustic images. Its transmission function is set with a digitally generated pattern of microbubbles controlled by a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) chip, which results in a binary amplitude acoustic hologram. We employ this device to project sequentially changing acoustic images and demonstrate the first dynamic parallel assembly of microparticles using a SUM.

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Ricotti, L. ; Trimmer, B. ; Feinberg, A. W. ; Raman, R. ; Parker, K. K. ; Bashir, R. ; Sitti, M. ; Martel, S. ; Dario, P. ; Menciassi, A. Biohybrid Actuators for Robotics: A Review of Devices Actuated by Living Cells. Sci. Robot. 2017, 2 , eaaq0495 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aaq0495

Hofer, M. ; Lutolf, M. P. Engineering Organoids. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2021, 6 , 402– 420, DOI: 10.1038/s41578-021-00279-y

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Engineering organoids

Hofer, Moritz; Lutolf, Matthias P.

Nature Reviews Materials (2021), 6 (5), 402-420CODEN: NRMADL; ISSN:2058-8437. (Nature Portfolio)

A review. Abstr.: Organoids are in vitro miniaturized and simplified model systems of organs that have gained enormous interest for modeling tissue development and disease, and for personalized medicine, drug screening and cell therapy. Despite considerable success in culturing physiol. relevant organoids, challenges remain to achieve real-life applications. In particular, the high variability of self-organizing growth and restricted exptl. and anal. access hamper the translatability of organoid systems. In this Review, we argue that many limitations of traditional organoid culture can be addressed by engineering approaches at all levels of organoid systems. We investigate cell surface and genetic engineering approaches, and discuss stem cell niche engineering based on the design of matrixes that allow spatiotemporal control of organoid growth and shape-guided morphogenesis. We examine how microfluidic approaches and lessons learnt from organs-on-a-chip enable the integration of mechano-physiol. parameters and increase accessibility of organoids to improve functional readouts. Applying engineering principles to organoids increases reproducibility and provides exptl. control, which will, ultimately, be required to enable clin. translation.

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Cai, H. ; Ao, Z. ; Hu, L. ; Moon, Y. ; Wu, Z. ; Lu, H.-C. ; Kim, J. ; Guo, F. Acoustofluidic Assembly of 3D Neurospheroids to Model Alzheimer's Disease. Analyst 2020, 145 , 6243– 6253, DOI: 10.1039/D0AN01373K

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Acoustofluidic assembly of 3D neurospheroids to model Alzheimer's disease

Cai, Hongwei; Ao, Zheng; Hu, Liya; Moon, Younghye; Wu, Zhuhao; Lu, Hui-Chen; Kim, Jungsu; Guo, Feng

Analyst (Cambridge, United Kingdom) (2020), 145 (19), 6243-6253CODEN: ANALAO; ISSN:0003-2654. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

Neuroinflammation plays a central role in the progression of many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, and challenges remain in modeling the complex pathol. or physiol. processes. Here, we report an acoustofluidic method that can rapidly construct 3D neurospheroids and inflammatory microenvironments for modeling microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. By incorporating a unique contactless and label-free acoustic assembly, this cell culture platform can assemble dissocd. embryonic mouse brain cells into hundreds of uniform 3D neurospheroids with controlled cell nos., compn. (e.g. neurons, astrocytes, and microglia), and environmental components (e.g. amyloid-β aggregates) in hydrogel within minutes. Moreover, this platform can maintain and monitor the interaction among neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and amyloid-β aggregates in real-time for several days to weeks, after the integration of a high-throughput, time-lapse cell imaging approach. We demonstrated that our engineered 3D neurospheroids can represent the amyloid-β neurotoxicity, which is one of the main pathol. features of Alzheimer's disease. Using this method, we also investigated the microglia migratory behaviors and activation in the engineered 3D inflammatory microenvironment at a high throughput manner, which is not easy to achieve in 2D neuronal cultures or animal models. Along with the simple fabrication and setup, the acoustofluidic technol. is compatible with conventional Petri dishes and well-plates, supports the fine-tuning of the cellular and environmental components of 3D neurospheroids, and enables the high-throughput cellular interaction investigation. We believe our technol. may be widely used to facilitate 3D in vitro brain models for modeling neurodegenerative diseases, discovering new drugs, and testing neurotoxicity.

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Murphy, M. P. ; LeVine, H., III Alzheimer's Disease and the Amyloid-β Peptide. J. Alzheimer's Dis. 2010, 19 , 311– 323, DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1221

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Alzheimer's Disease and the Amyloid-β Peptide

Lovell, Mark A.; Murphy, M. Paul; LeVine, Harry, iii

Journal of Alzheimer's Disease (2010), 19 (1), 311-323CODEN: JADIF9; ISSN:1387-2877. (IOS Press)

A review. Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis is widely believed to be driven by the prodn. and deposition of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). For many years, investigators have been puzzled by the weak to nonexistent correlation between the amt. of neuritic plaque pathol. in the human brain and the degree of clin. dementia. Recent advances in our understanding of the development of amyloid pathol. have helped solve this mystery. Substantial evidence now indicates that the soly. of Aβ, and the quantity of Aβ in different pools, may be more closely related to disease state. The compn. of these pools of Aβ reflects different populations of amyloid deposits and has definite correlates with the clin. status of the patient. Imaging technologies, including new amyloid imaging agents based on the chem. structure of histol. dyes, are now making it possible to track amyloid pathol. along with disease progression in the living patient. Interestingly, these approaches indicate that the Aβ deposited in AD is different from that found in animal models. In general, deposited Aβ is more easily cleared from the brain in animal models and does not show the same phys. and biochem. characteristics as the amyloid found in AD. This raises important issues regarding the development and testing of future therapeutic agents.

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Cameron, B. ; Landreth, G. E. Inflammation, Microglia, and Alzheimer's Disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 2010, 37 , 503– 509, DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.10.006

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Inflammation, microglia, and alzheimer's disease

Cameron, Brent; Landreth, Gary E.

Neurobiology of Disease (2010), 37 (3), 503-509CODEN: NUDIEM; ISSN:0969-9961. (Elsevier B.V.)

A review. Microglia are the brain's tissue macrophage and representative of the innate immune system. These cells normally provide tissue maintenance and immune surveillance of the brain. In the Alzheimer's disease brain, amyloid deposition provokes the phenotypic activation of microglia and their elaboration of proinflammatory mols. Recent work has implicated Toll-like receptors in microglial recognition and response to amyloid fibrils. It is now evident that these cells exhibit more complex and heterogeneous phenotypes than previously appreciated that reflect both the plasticity of cells in this lineage and their ability to transition between activation states. The phenotypic diversity is assocd. with inactivation of the inflammatory response and tissue repair. We discuss recent evidence that the brain can be infiltrated by circulating monocytes in the diseased brain and that these cells may comprise a unique subpopulation of myeloid cells that may be functionally distinct from the endogenous microglia.

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Kriegman, S. ; Blackiston, D. ; Levin, M. ; Bongard, J. A Scalable Pipeline for Designing Reconfigurable Organisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2020, 117 , 1853– 1859, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910837117

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A scalable pipeline for designing reconfigurable organisms

Kriegman, Sam; Blackiston, Douglas; Levin, Michael; Bongard, Josh

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2020), 117 (4), 1853-1859CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)

Living systems are more robust, diverse, complex, and supportive of human life than any technol. yet created. However, our ability to create novel lifeforms is currently limited to varying existing organisms or bioengineering organoids in vitro. Here we show a scalable pipeline for creating functional novel lifeforms: AI methods automatically design diverse candidate lifeforms in silico to perform some desired function, and transferable designs are then created using a cell-based construction toolkit to realize living systems with the predicted behaviors. Although some steps in this pipeline still require manual intervention, complete automation in future would pave the way to designing and deploying unique, bespoke living systems for a wide range of functions.

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Aydin, O. ; Zhang, X. ; Nuethong, S. ; Pagan-Diaz, G. J. ; Bashir, R. ; Gazzola, M. ; Saif, M. T. A. Neuromuscular Actuation of Biohybrid Motile Bots. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2019, 116 , 19841– 19847, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907051116

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Neuromuscular actuation of biohybrid motile bots

Aydin, Onur; Zhang, Xiaotian; Nuethong, Sittinon; Pagan-Diaz, Gelson J.; Bashir, Rashid; Gazzola, Mattia; Saif, M. Taher A.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2019), 116 (40), 19841-19847CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)

The integration of muscle cells with soft robotics in recent years led to the development of biohybrid machines capable of untethered locomotion. A major frontier that currently remains unexplored is neuronal actuation and control of such muscle-powered biohybrid machines. As a step toward this goal, the authors present here a biohybrid swimmer driven by on-board neuromuscular units. The body of the swimmer consists of a free-standing soft scaffold, skeletal muscle tissue, and optogenetic stem cell-derived neural cluster contg. motor neurons. Myoblasts embedded in extracellular matrix self-organize into a muscle tissue guided by the geometry of the scaffold, and the resulting muscle tissue is cocultured in situ with a neural cluster. Motor neurons then extend neurites selectively toward the muscle and innervate it, developing functional neuromuscular units. Based on this initial construct, the authors computationally designed, optimized, and implemented light-sensitive flagellar swimmers actuated by these neuromuscular units. Cyclic muscle contractions, induced by neural stimulation, drive time-irreversible flagellar dynamics, thereby providing thrust for untethered forward locomotion of the swimmer. Overall, this work demonstrates an example of a biohybrid robot implementing neuromuscular actuation and illustrates a path toward the forward design and control of neuron-enabled biohybrid machines.

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Alhasan, L. ; Qi, A. ; Al-Abboodi, A. ; Rezk, A. ; Chan, P. P. ; Iliescu, C. ; Yeo, L. Y. Rapid Enhancement of Cellular Spheroid Assembly by Acoustically Driven Microcentrifugation. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2016, 2 , 1013– 1022, DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00144

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Rapid Enhancement of Cellular Spheroid Assembly by Acoustically Driven Microcentrifugation

Alhasan, Layla; Qi, Aisha; Al-Abboodi, Aswan; Rezk, Amgad; Chan, Peggy P. Y.; Iliescu, Ciprian; Yeo, Leslie Y.

ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering (2016), 2 (6), 1013-1022CODEN: ABSEBA; ISSN:2373-9878. (American Chemical Society)

Intense acoustically driven microcentrifugation flows were employed to enhance the assembly of cellular spheroids in the microwell of a tissue culture well plate. This ability to interface microfluidics with commonly used tissue culture plasticware is a significant advantage as it can potentially be parallelized for high throughput operation and allows existing anal. equipment designed to fit current lab. formats to be retained. The microcentrifugation flow, induced in the microwell coated with a low adhesive hydrogel, is shown to rapidly enhance the concn. of cells into tight aggregates within a minute, considerably faster than the conventional hanging drop and liq. overlay methods, which typically require days, while maintaining their viability. The proposed method also affords better control of the compaction force and hence the spheroid dimension simply by tuning the input power, which is a significant improvement over other microfluidic methods that require the fabrication of different geometries and microstructures to generate spheroids of different sizes. The spheroids produced exhibit the concentric heterogeneous cell populations and tight cell-cell interfaces typical of in vivo tumors, and are potentially useful in a broad spectrum of cancer biol. and drug screening studies.

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Kurashina, Y. ; Takemura, K. ; Friend, J. Cell Agglomeration in the Wells of a 24-Well Plate Using Acoustic Streaming. Lab Chip 2017, 17 , 876– 886, DOI: 10.1039/C6LC01310D

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Cell agglomeration in the wells of a 24-well plate using acoustic streaming

Kurashina, Yuta; Takemura, Kenjiro; Friend, James

Lab on a Chip (2017), 17 (5), 876-886CODEN: LCAHAM; ISSN:1473-0189. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

Cell agglomeration is essential both to the success of drug testing and to the development of tissue engineering. Here, a MHz-order acoustic wave is used to generate acoustic streaming in the wells of a 24-well plate to drive particle and cell agglomeration. Acoustic streaming is known to manipulate particles in microfluidic devices, and even provide concn. in sessile droplets, but concn. of particles or cells in individual wells has never been shown, principally due to the drag present along the periphery of the fluid in such a well. The agglomeration time for a range of particle sizes suggests that shear-induced migration plays an important role in the agglomeration process. Particles with a diam. of 45μm agglomerated into a suspended pellet under exposure to 2.134 MHz acoustic waves at 1.5 W in 30 s. Addnl., BT-474 cells also agglomerated as adherent masses at the center bottom of the wells of tissue-culture treated 24-well plates. By switching to low cell binding 24-well plates, the BT-474 cells formed suspended agglomerations that appeared to be spheroids, fully fifteen times larger than any cell agglomerates without the acoustic streaming. In either case, the viability and proliferation of the cells were maintained despite acoustic irradn. and streaming. Intermittent excitation was effective in avoiding temp. excursions, consuming only 75 mW per well on av., presenting a convenient means to form fully three-dimensional cellular masses potentially useful for tissue, cancer, and drug research.

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Zhang, N. ; Zuniga-Hertz, J. P. ; Zhang, E. Y. ; Gopesh, T. ; Fannon, M. J. ; Wang, J. ; Wen, Y. ; Patel, H. H. ; Friend, J. Microliter Ultrafast Centrifuge Platform for Size-Based Particle and Cell Separation and Extraction Using Novel Omnidirectional Spiral Surface Acoustic Waves. Lab Chip 2021, 21 , 904– 915, DOI: 10.1039/D0LC01012J

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Microliter ultrafast centrifuge platform for size-based particle and cell separation and extraction using novel omnidirectional spiral surface acoustic waves

Zhang, Naiqing; Zuniga-Hertz, Juan P.; Zhang, Elizabeth Yan; Gopesh, Tilvawala; Fannon, Mckenzie J.; Wang, Jiaying; Wen, Yue; Patel, Hemal H.; Friend, James

Lab on a Chip (2021), 21 (5), 904-915CODEN: LCAHAM; ISSN:1473-0189. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

Asym. surface acoustic waves have been shown useful in sepg. particles and cells in many microfluidics designs, mostly notably sessile microdroplets. However, no one has successfully extd. target particles or cells for later use from such samples. We present a novel omnidirectional spiral surface acoustic wave (OSSAW) design that exploits a new cut of lithium niobate, 152 Y-rotated, to rapidly rotate a microliter sessile drop to ~ 10 g, producing efficient multi-size particle sepn. We further ext. the sepd. particles for the first time, demonstrating the ability to target specific particles, for example, platelets from mouse blood for further integrated point-of-care diagnostics. Within ~ 5 s of surface acoustic wave actuation, particles with diam. of 5μm and 1μm can be sepd. into two portions with a purity of 83% and 97%, resp. Red blood cells and platelets within mouse blood are further demonstrated to be sepd. with a purity of 93% and 84%, resp. These advancements potentially provide an effective platform for whole blood sepn. and point-of-care diagnostics without need for micro or nanoscale fluidic enclosures.

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Collins, D. J. ; Ma, Z. ; Ai, Y. Highly Localized Acoustic Streaming and Size-Selective Submicrometer Particle Concentration Using High Frequency Microscale Focused Acoustic Fields. Anal. Chem. 2016, 88 , 5513– 5522, DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01069

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Highly Localized Acoustic Streaming and Size-Selective Submicrometer Particle Concentration Using High freequency Microscale Focused Acoustic Fields

Collins, David J.; Ma, Zhichao; Ai, Ye

Analytical Chemistry (Washington, DC, United States) (2016), 88 (10), 5513-5522CODEN: ANCHAM; ISSN:0003-2700. (American Chemical Society)

Concn. and sepn. of particles and biol. specimens are fundamental functions of micro/nanofluidic systems. Acoustic streaming is an effective and biocompatible way to create rapid microscale fluid motion and induce particle capture, though the >100 MHz frequencies required to directly generate acoustic body forces on the microscale have traditionally been difficult to generate and localize in a way that is amenable to efficient generation of streaming. Moreover, acoustic, hydrodynamic, and elec. forces as typically applied have difficulty manipulating specimens in the submicrometer regime. In this work, we introduce highly focused traveling surface acoustic waves (SAW) at high frequencies between 193 and 636 MHz for efficient and highly localized prodn. of acoustic streaming vortices on microfluidic length scales. Concn. occurs via a novel mechanism, whereby the combined acoustic radiation and streaming field results in size-selective aggregation in fluid streamlines in the vicinity of a high-amplitude acoustic beam, as opposed to previous acoustic radiation induced particle concn. where objects typically migrate toward min. pressure locations. Though the acoustic streaming is induced by a traveling wave, we are able to manipulate particles an order of magnitude smaller than possible using the traveling wave force alone. We exptl. and theor. examine the range of particle sizes that can be captured in fluid streamlines using this technique, with rapid particle concn. demonstrated down to 300 nm diams. We also demonstrate that locations of trapping and concn. are size-dependent, which is attributed to the combined effects of the acoustic streaming and acoustic forces.

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Collins, D. J. ; Khoo, B. L. ; Ma, Z. ; Winkler, A. ; Weser, R. ; Schmidt, H. ; Han, J. ; Ai, Y. Selective Particle and Cell Capture in a Continuous Flow Using Micro-Vortex Acoustic Streaming. Lab Chip 2017, 17 , 1769– 1777, DOI: 10.1039/C7LC00215G

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Selective particle and cell capture in a continuous flow using micro-vortex acoustic streaming

Collins, David J.; Khoo, Bee Luan; Ma, Zhichao; Winkler, Andreas; Weser, Robert; Schmidt, Hagen; Han, Jongyoon; Ai, Ye

Lab on a Chip (2017), 17 (10), 1769-1777CODEN: LCAHAM; ISSN:1473-0189. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

Acoustic streaming has emerged as a promising technique for refined microscale manipulation, where strong rotational flow can give rise to particle and cell capture. In contrast to hydrodynamically generated vortices, acoustic streaming is rapidly tunable, highly scalable and requires no external pressure source. Though streaming is typically ignored or minimized in most acoustofluidic systems that utilize other acoustofluidic effects, we maximize the effect of acoustic streaming in a continuous flow using a high-frequency (381 MHz), narrow-beam focused surface acoustic wave. This results in rapid fluid streaming, with velocities orders of magnitude greater than that of the lateral flow, to generate fluid vortices that extend the entire width of a 400 μm wide microfluidic channel. We characterize the forces relevant for vortex formation in a combined streaming/lateral flow system, and use these acoustic streaming vortices to selectively capture 2 μm from a mixed suspension with 1 μm particles and human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-231) from red blood cells.

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Stamp, M. E. ; Brugger, M. S. ; Wixforth, A. ; Westerhausen, C. Acoustotaxis – in Vitro Stimulation in a Wound Healing Assay Employing Surface Acoustic Waves. Biomater. Sci. 2016, 4 , 1092– 1099, DOI: 10.1039/C6BM00125D

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Acoustotaxis - in vitro stimulation in a wound healing assay employing surface acoustic waves

Stamp, M. E. M.; Brugger, M. S.; Wixforth, A.; Westerhausen, C.

Biomaterials Science (2016), 4 (7), 1092-1099CODEN: BSICCH; ISSN:2047-4849. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

A novel, ultrasound based approach for the dynamic stimulation and promotion of tissue healing processes employing surface acoustic waves (SAW) on a chip is presented for the example of osteoblast-like SaOs-2 cells. In our investigations, we directly irradiate cells with SAW on a SiO2 covered piezoelec. LiNbO3 substrate. Observing the temporal evolution of cell growth and migration and comparing non-irradiated to irradiated areas on the chip, we find that the SAW-treated cells exhibit a significantly increased migration as compared to the control samples. Apart from quantifying our exptl. findings on the cell migration stimulation, we also demonstrate the full bio compatibility and bio functionality of our SAW technique by using LDH assays. We safely exclude parasitic side effects such as a SAW related increased substrate temp. or nutrient flow by thoroughly monitoring the temp. and the flow field using IR microscopy and micro particle image velocimetry. Our results show that the SAW induced dynamic mech. and elec. stimulation obviously directly promotes the cell growth. We conclude that this stimulation method offers a powerful platform for future medical treatment, e.g. being implemented as a implantable biochip with wireless extra-corporal power supply to treat deeper tissue.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XntVCqu7g%253D&md5=9bf3fc6ec2692e79dd878c01d7b2221e

Brugger, M. S. ; Baumgartner, K. ; Mauritz, S. C. ; Gerlach, S. C. ; Röder, F. ; Schlosser, C. ; Fluhrer, R. ; Wixforth, A. ; Westerhausen, C. Vibration Enhanced Cell Growth Induced by Surface Acoustic Waves as in Vitro Wound-Healing Model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2020, 117 , 31603– 31613, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005203117

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Vibration enhanced cell growth induced by surface acoustic waves as in vitro wound-healing model

Brugger, Manuel S.; Baumgartner, Kathrin; Mauritz, Sophie C. F.; Gerlach, Stefan C.; Roder, Florian; Schlosser, Christine; Fluhrer, Regina; Wixforth, Achim; Westerhausen, Christoph

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2020), 117 (50), 31603-31613CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)

We report on in vitro wound-healing and cell-growth studies under the influence of radio-frequency (rf) cell stimuli. These stimuli are supplied either by piezoactive surface acoustic waves (SAWs) or by microelectrode-generated elec. fields, both at frequencies around 100 MHz. Employing live-cell imaging, we studied the time- and power-dependent healing of artificial wounds on a piezoelec. chip for different cell lines. If the cell stimulation is mediated by piezomech. SAWs, we observe a pronounced, significant max. of the cell-growth rate at a specific SAW amplitude, resulting in an increase of the wound-healing speed of up to 135 ± 85% as compared to an internal ref. In contrast, cells being stimulated only by elec. fields of the same magnitude as the ones exposed to SAWs exhibit no significant effect. In this study, we investigate this effect for different wavelengths, amplitude modulation of the applied elec. rf signal, and different wave modes. Furthermore, to obtain insight into the biol. response to the stimulus, we also detd. both the cell-proliferation rate and the cellular stress levels. While the proliferation rate is significantly increased for a wide power range, cell stress remains low and within the normal range. Our findings demonstrate that SAW-based vibrational cell stimulation bears the potential for an alternative method to conventional ultrasound treatment, overcoming some of its limitations.

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Evander, M. ; Johansson, L. ; Lilliehorn, T. ; Piskur, J. ; Lindvall, M. ; Johansson, S. ; Almqvist, M. ; Laurell, T. ; Nilsson, J. Noninvasive Acoustic Cell Trapping in a Microfluidic Perfusion System for Online Bioassays. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79 , 2984– 2991, DOI: 10.1021/ac061576v

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Noninvasive Acoustic Cell Trapping in a Microfluidic Perfusion System for Online Bioassays

Evander, Mikael; Johansson, Linda; Lilliehorn, Tobias; Piskur, Jure; Lindvall, Magnus; Johansson, Stefan; Almqvist, Monica; Laurell, Thomas; Nilsson, Johan

Analytical Chemistry (Washington, DC, United States) (2007), 79 (7), 2984-2991CODEN: ANCHAM; ISSN:0003-2700. (American Chemical Society)

Techniques for manipulating, sepg., and trapping particles and cells are highly desired in today's bioanal. and biomedical field. The microfluidic chip-based acoustic noncontact trapping method earlier developed within the group now provides a flexible platform for performing cell- and particle-based assays in continuous flow microsystems. An acoustic standing wave is generated in etched glass channels (600 × 61 μm2) by miniature ultrasonic transducers (550 × 550 × 200 μm3). Particles or cells passing the transducer will be retained and levitated in the center of the channel without any contact with the channel walls. The max. trapping force was calcd. to be 430±135 pN by measuring the drag force exerted on a single particle levitated in the standing wave. The temp. increase in the channel was characterized by fluorescence measurements using rhodamine B, and levels of moderate temp. increase were noted. Neural stem cells were acoustically trapped and shown to be viable after 15 min. Further evidence of the mild cell handling conditions was demonstrated as yeast cells were successfully cultured for 6 h in the acoustic trap while being perfused by the cell medium at a flowrate of 1 μL/min. The acoustic microchip method facilitates trapping of single cells as well as larger cell clusters. The noncontact mode of cell handling is esp. important when studies on nonadherent cells are performed, e.g., stem cells, yeast cells, or blood cells, as mech. stress and surface interaction are minimized. The demonstrated acoustic trapping of cells and particles enables cell- or particle-based bioassays to be performed in a continuous flow format.

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Garvin, K. A. ; Dalecki, D. ; Yousefhussien, M. ; Helguera, M. ; Hocking, D. C. Spatial Patterning of Endothelial Cells and Vascular Network Formation Using Ultrasound Standing Wave Fields. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2013, 134 , 1483– 1490, DOI: 10.1121/1.4812867

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Spatial patterning of endothelial cells and vascular network formation using ultrasound standing wave fields

Garvin, Kelley A.; Dalecki, Diane; Yousefhussien, Mohammed; Helguera, Maria; Hocking, Denise C.

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (2013), 134 (2), 1483-1490CODEN: JASMAN; ISSN:0001-4966. (Acoustical Society of America)

The spatial organization of cells is essential for proper tissue assembly and organ function. Thus, successful engineering of complex tissues and organs requires methods to control cell organization in three dimensions. In particular, technologies that facilitate endothelial cell alignment and vascular network formation in three-dimensional tissue constructs would provide a means to supply essential oxygen and nutrients to newly forming tissue. Acoustic radiation forces assocd. with ultrasound standing wave fields can rapidly and non-invasively organize cells into distinct multicellular planar bands within three-dimensional collagen gels. Results presented herein demonstrate that the spatial pattern of endothelial cells within three-dimensional collagen gels can be controlled by design of acoustic parameters of the sound field. Different ultrasound standing wave field exposure parameters were used to organize endothelial cells into either loosely aggregated or densely packed planar bands. The rate of vessel formation and the morphol. of the resulting endothelial cell networks were affected by the initial d. of the ultrasound-induced planar bands of cells. Ultrasound standing wave fields provide a rapid, non-invasive approach to pattern cells in three-dimensions and direct vascular network formation and morphol. within engineered tissue constructs.

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Parfenov, V. A. ; Koudan, E. V. ; Krokhmal, A. A. ; Annenkova, E. A. ; Petrov, S. V. ; Pereira, F. D. ; Karalkin, P. A. ; Nezhurina, E. K. ; Gryadunova, A. A. ; Bulanova, E. A. Biofabrication of a Functional Tubular Construct from Tissue Spheroids Using Magnetoacoustic Levitational Directed Assembly. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2020, 9 , 2000721, DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000721

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Biofabrication of a Functional Tubular Construct from Tissue Spheroids Using Magnetoacoustic Levitational Directed Assembly

Parfenov, Vladislav A.; Koudan, Elizaveta V.; Krokhmal, Alisa A.; Annenkova, Elena A.; Petrov, Stanislav V.; Pereira, Frederico D. A. S.; Karalkin, Pavel A.; Nezhurina, Elizaveta K.; Gryadunova, Anna A.; Bulanova, Elena A.; Sapozhnikov, Oleg A.; Tsysar, Sergey A.; Liu, Kaizheng; Oosterwijk, Egbert; van Beuningen, Henk; van der Kraan, Peter; Granneman, Sanne; Engelkamp, Hans; Christianen, Peter; Kasyanov, Vladimir; Khesuani, Yusef D.; Mironov, Vladimir A.

Advanced Healthcare Materials (2020), 9 (24), 2000721CODEN: AHMDBJ; ISSN:2192-2640. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

In traditional tissue engineering, synthetic or natural scaffolds are usually used as removable temporal support, which involves some biotechnol. limitations. The concept of "scaffield" approach utilizing the phys. fields instead of biomaterial scaffold has been proposed recently. In particular, a combination of intense magnetic and acoustic fields can enable rapid levitational bioassembly of complex-shaped 3D tissue constructs from tissue spheroids at low concn. of paramagnetic agent (gadolinium salt) in the medium. In the current study, the tissue spheroids from human bladder smooth muscle cells (myospheres) are used as building blocks for assembling the tubular 3D constructs. Levitational assembly is accomplished at low concns. of gadolinium salts in the high magnetic field at 9.5 T. The biofabricated smooth muscle constructs demonstrate contraction after the addn. of vasoconstrictive agent endothelin-1. Thus, hybrid magnetoacoustic levitational bioassembly is considered as a new technol. platform in the emerging field of formative biofabrication. This novel technol. of scaffold-free, nozzle-free, and label-free bioassembly opens a unique opportunity for rapid biofabrication of 3D tissue and organ constructs with complex geometry.

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Hu, X. ; Zhu, J. ; Zuo, Y. ; Yang, D. ; Zhang, J. ; Cheng, Y. ; Yang, Y. Versatile Biomimetic Array Assembly by Phase Modulation of Coherent Acoustic Waves. Lab Chip 2020, 20 , 3515– 3523, DOI: 10.1039/D0LC00779J

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Versatile biomimetic array assembly by phase modulation of coherent acoustic waves

Hu, Xuejia; Zhu, Jiaomeng; Zuo, Yunfeng; Yang, Dongyong; Zhang, Jianjian; Cheng, Yanxiang; Yang, Yi

Lab on a Chip (2020), 20 (19), 3515-3523CODEN: LCAHAM; ISSN:1473-0189. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

A high-throughput cell-assembly method, with the advantages of adjustability, ease of operation, and good precision, is remarkable for artificial tissue engineering. Here, we present a scientific soln. by introducing high rotational sym. coherent acoustic waves, in order to enable the shape and arrangement of the acoustic potential wells to be flexibly modulated, and therefore to assemble on a large area diverse biomimetic arrays on a microfluidic platform. Ring arrays, honeycomb, and many other biomimetic arrays are achieved by real-time modulation of the wave vectors and phase relation of acoustic beams from six directions. In the expts., human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), arranged in ring structures, tend to connect with the adjacent cells and reach confluency, thus directing the in vitro two-dimensional vascular network formation. Higher rotational symmetry of the six coherent acoustic waves provides much more flexibility and diversity for acoustic cell assembly. With the advantages of efficiency, diversity and adjustability, this acoustic chip is expected to fulfill many applications, such as in biochem., bioprinting and tissue engineering related research.

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Kang, S. ; Duocastella, M. ; Arnold, C. B. Variable Optical Elements for Fast Focus Control. Nat. Photonics 2020, 14 , 533– 542, DOI: 10.1038/s41566-020-0684-z

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Variable optical elements for fast focus control

Kang, SeungYeon; Duocastella, Marti; Arnold, Craig B.

Nature Photonics (2020), 14 (9), 533-542CODEN: NPAHBY; ISSN:1749-4885. (Nature Research)

Abstr.: In this Review, we survey recent developments in the emerging field of high-speed variable-z-focus optical elements, which are driving important innovations in advanced imaging and materials processing applications. Three-dimensional biomedical imaging, high-throughput industrial inspection, advanced spectroscopies, and other optical characterization and materials modification methods have made great strides forward in recent years due to precise and rapid axial control of light. Three state-of-the-art key optical technologies that enable fast z-focus modulation are reviewed, along with a discussion of the implications of the new developments in variable optical elements and their impact on technol. relevant applications.

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Duocastella, M. ; Arnold, C. B. Transient Response in Ultra-High Speed Liquid Lenses. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2013, 46 , 075102, DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/46/7/075102

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Transient response in ultra-high speed liquid lenses

Duocastella, M.; Arnold, C. B.

Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics (2013), 46 (7), 075102CODEN: JPAPBE; ISSN:0022-3727. (IOP Publishing Ltd.)

Liq. lenses are appealing for applications requiring adaptive control of the focal length, but current methods depend on factors such as liq. inertia that limit their response time to tens of milliseconds. A tunable acoustic gradient index (TAG) lens uses sound energy to radially excite a fluid-filled cylindrical cavity and produce a continuous change in refractive power that, at steady state, enables rapid selection of the focal length on time scales shorter than 1μs. However, the time to reach steady state is a crucial parameter that is not fully understood. Here we characterize the dynamics of the TAG lens at the initial moments of operation as a function of frequency. Based on this understanding, we develop a model of the lens transients which incorporates driving frequency, fluid speed of sound and viscosity and we show that is in good agreement with the exptl. results providing a method to predict the lens behavior at any given time.

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Chong, S. P. ; Wong, C. H. ; Wong, K. F. ; Sheppard, C. J. R. ; Chen, N. High-Speed Focal Modulation Microscopy Using Acousto-Optical Modulators. Biomed. Opt. Express 2010, 1 , 1026– 1037, DOI: 10.1364/BOE.1.001026

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High-speed focal modulation microscopy using acousto-optical modulators

Chong Shau Poh; Wong Chee Howe; Wong Kit Fei; Sheppard Colin J R; Chen Nanguang

Biomedical optics express (2010), 1 (3), 1026-1037 ISSN:2156-7085.

Focal Modulation Microscopy (FMM) is a single-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy technique which effectively rejects the out-of-focus fluorescence background that arises when imaging deep inside biological tissues. Here, we report on the implementation of FMM in which laser intensity modulation at the focal plane is achieved using acousto-optic modulators (AOM). The modulation speed is greatly enhanced to the MHz range and thus enables real-time image acquisition. The capability of FMM is demonstrated by imaging fluorescence labeled vasculatures in mouse brain as well as self-made tissue phantom.

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Mermillod-Blondin, A. ; McLeod, E. ; Arnold, C. B. High-Speed Varifocal Imaging with a Tunable Acoustic Gradient Index of Refraction Lens. Opt. Lett. 2008, 33 , 2146– 2148, DOI: 10.1364/OL.33.002146

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High-speed varifocal imaging with a tunable acoustic gradient index of refraction lens

Mermillod-Blondin Alexandre; McLeod Euan; Arnold Craig B

Optics letters (2008), 33 (18), 2146-8 ISSN:0146-9592.

Fluidic lenses allow for varifocal optical elements, but current approaches are limited by the speed at which focal length can be changed. Here we demonstrate the use of a tunable acoustic gradient (TAG) index of refraction lens as a fast varifocal element. The optical power of the TAG lens varies continuously, allowing for rapid selection and modification of the effective focal length at time scales of 1 mus and shorter. The wavefront curvature applied to the incident light is experimentally quantified as a function of time, and single-frame imaging is demonstrated. Results indicate that the TAG lens can successfully be employed to perform high-rate imaging at multiple locations.

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Grulkowski, I. ; Szulzycki, K. ; Wojtkowski, M. Microscopic OCT Imaging with Focus Extension by Ultrahigh-Speed Acousto-Optic Tunable Lens and Stroboscopic Illumination. Opt. Express 2014, 22 , 31746– 31760, DOI: 10.1364/OE.22.031746

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Microscopic OCT imaging with focus extension by ultrahigh-speed acousto-optic tunable lens and stroboscopic illumination

Grulkowski Ireneusz; Szulzycki Krzysztof; Wojtkowski Maciej

Optics express (2014), 22 (26), 31746-60 ISSN:.

We develop high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) system with high-speed acousto-optic tunable lens. Stroboscopic pulsed illumination is used for the first time to perform time-resolved OCT imaging with acousto-optic tunable focusing. The operation of ultrahigh-speed tunable acousto-optic lens is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. Focal position tuning at MHz frequency range is experimentally shown in the imaging system leading to OCT images with extended depth of focus. Imaging with active optical elements is helpful for improvement of photon collection efficiency, depth of focus and enhancement of the image quality.

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Debye, P. ; Sears, F. W. On the Scattering of Light by Supersonic Waves. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1932, 18 , 409– 414, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.18.6.409

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (1932), 18 (6), 409-14 ISSN:0027-8424.

There is no expanded citation for this reference.

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Yariv, A. Introduction to Optical Electronics; Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.: New York, 1971; pp 310– 317.

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Guide lines for the selection of acoustooptic materials

Pinnow, Douglas A.

IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics (1970), 6 (4), 223-38CODEN: IEJQA7; ISSN:0018-9197.

Guidelines are presented for the selection of promising new acoustooptic materials for device applications. Previously, the selection of materials was based primarily on availability and intuition. Now it is possible to est. an approx. acoustooptic figure of merit for a material by knowing only its chem. compn. and d. One of the 1st applications of these guide lines led to a detailed evaluation of PbMoO4, a material known to have certain desirable phys. properties. The results verified that it has a high figure of merit, considerably greater than that of LiNbO3, but somewhat less than that of α-HIO3. In addn. to a high figure of merit, a material must also have a low acoustic loss if it is to be useful for device applications. The relation between the acoustooptic figure of merit and acoustic loss is explored. Although only limited loss data are available, a high figure of merit and low loss are compatible material properties for applications below approx. 0.5 GHz. As future applications call for operation at higher frequencies, a balance between low acoustic loss and high figure of merit will be required.

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102

Yariv, A. Quantum Electronics, 3rd ed.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New York, 1989; pp 325– 338.

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Tran, C. D. Acousto-Optic Devices: Optical Elements for Spectroscopy. Anal. Chem. 1992, 64 , 971A– 981A, DOI: 10.1021/ac00044a001

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Acousto-optic devices. Optical elements for spectroscopy

Tran, Chieu D.

Analytical Chemistry (1992), 64 (20), 971A-978A, 980A-981ACODEN: ANCHAM; ISSN:0003-2700.

A review with 39 refs. is given on the theory of isotropic and anisotropic acoustooptic diffraction. Emphasis is on the principles and applications of specific devices such as light deflectors, mode-lockers, and acoustooptic tunable filters.

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Adler, R. Interaction between Light and Sound. IEEE Spectrum 1967, 4 , 42– 54, DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.1967.5215753

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Goodman, J. W. Introduction to Fourier Optics, 3rd ed.; Roberts & Company: Englewood, CO, 2005; pp 277– 283.

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Kirkby, P. A. ; Nadella, K. M. N. S. ; Silver, R. A. A Compact Acousto-Optic Lens for 2D and 3D Femtosecond Based 2-Photon Microscopy. Opt. Express 2010, 18 , 13720– 13744, DOI: 10.1364/OE.18.013720

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A compact Acousto-Optic Lens for 2D and 3D femtosecond based 2-photon microscopy

Kirkby, Paul A.; Nadella, K. M. Naga Srinivas; Silver, R. Angus

Optics Express (2010), 18 (13), 13720-13744CODEN: OPEXFF; ISSN:1094-4087. (Optical Society of America)

We describe a high speed 3D Acousto-Optic Lens Microscope (AOLM) for femtosecond 2-photon imaging. By optimizing the design of the 4 AO Deflectors (AODs) and by deriving new control algorithms, we have developed a compact spherical AOL with a low temporal dispersion that enables 2-photon imaging at 10-fold lower power than previously reported. We show that the AOLM can perform high speed 2D raster-scan imaging (>150 Hz) without scan rate dependent astigmatism. It can deflect and focus a laser beam in a 3D random access sequence at 30 kHz and has an extended focusing range (>137 μm; 40X 0.8NA objective). These features are likely to make the AOLM a useful tool for studying fast physiol. processes distributed in 3D space.

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108

Kaplan, A. ; Friedman, N. ; Davidson, N. Acousto-Optic Lens with Very Fast Focus Scanning. Opt. Lett. 2001, 26 , 1078– 1080, DOI: 10.1364/OL.26.001078

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Acousto-optic lens with very fast focus scanning

Kaplan A; Friedman N; Davidson N

Optics letters (2001), 26 (14), 1078-80 ISSN:0146-9592.

We propose and experimentally demonstrate an acousto-optic cylindrical lens with a very fast (400-kHz) focal scanning. The lens is realized by use of two adjacent acousto-optic scanners with counterpropagating acoustic waves that have the same frequency modulation but a pi phase difference. This scheme completely suppresses the lateral scan but adds the linear chirp of the two waves and thus functions as a fast focal-scan lens. We also demonstrate the use of this scanning lens in a very fast confocal profilometer.

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109

Harris, S. E. ; Nieh, S. T. K. ; Winslow, D. K. Electronically Tunable Acousto-Optic Filter. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1969, 15 , 325– 326, DOI: 10.1063/1.1652844

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Electronically tunable acousto-optic filter

Harris, Stephen Ernest; Nieh, S. T. K.; Winslow, D. K.

Applied Physics Letters (1969), 15 (10), 325-6CODEN: APPLAB; ISSN:0003-6951.

By using the electronically tunable optical filter described by S. E. Harris and R. W. Wallace (1969), tuning from 7000 to 5500 Å was obtained by changing an acoustic driving frequency from 750 to 1050 MHz. Further tuning was limited by the bandwidth of the CdS transducer. An Hg arc light source and Beck reversion spectroscope were employed to obtain the tuning curve. At band pass <2 Å and an av. rejection ratio against frequencies outside the pass band, 45 decibels were obtained. Half-power angular aperture was ∼0.03. Peak filter transmission was measured with an He-Ne laser. Reflection coeffs. of the crystal input surfaces and acoustic transducer were 15 and 58%, resp. At ∼500 mW elec. input power, corrected transmission was satd. at 5 0% owing to addnl. conversion of sidebands which had the same polarization as that of the input signal. As a result of crystal heating, max. cor. continuous wave transmission was limited to ∼30%. The tuning curve of the filter and corrected peak transmission vs. elec. power are given.

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110

Handbook of Optoelectronics; Dakin, J., Brown, R. G. W. , Eds.; Taylor & Francis: New York, 2006; pp 1380– 1389.

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Wilson, J.; Hawkes, J. F. B. Optoelectronics: An Introduction, 3rd ed.; Prentice Hall: Harlow, England, 2006; pp 112–116, 480–484.

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Fu, Y. ; Guo, M. ; Phua, P. B. Multipoint Laser Doppler Vibrometry with Single Detector: Principles, Implementations, and Signal Analyses. Appl. Opt. 2011, 50 , 1280, DOI: 10.1364/AO.50.001280

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Multipoint laser Doppler vibrometry with single detector: principles, implementations, and signal analyses

Fu Y; Guo M; Phua P B

Applied optics (2011), 50 (10), 1280-8 ISSN:.

A 20-point laser Doppler vibrometer with single photodetector is presented for noncontact dynamic measurement. A 5×4 beam array with various frequency shifts is generated by a 1.55 μm distributed feedback laser and four acousto-optic devices, and illuminating different points on vibrating objects. The reflected beams are coupled into a single-mode fiber by a pigtailed collimator and interfere with a reference beam. The signal output from a high-speed photodetector is amplified and then digitized by a high-speed analog-to-digital converter with a sampling rate of 1 gigasample per second (1 GS/s). Several methods are introduced to avoid the cross talk among different frequencies and extract the vibration information of 20 points from a one-dimensional signal. Two signal processing algorithms based on Fourier transform and windowed Fourier transform are illustrated to extract the vibration signals at different points. The experimental results are compared with that from a commercial single-point laser vibrometer. The results show simultaneous vibration measurement can be realized on multiple points using a single laser source and a single photodetector.

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113

Lutzmann, P. ; Göhler, B. ; Hill, C. A. ; van Putten, F. D. M. Laser Vibration Sensing at Fraunhofer IOSB: Review and Applications. Opt. Eng. 2017, 56 , 031215, DOI: 10.1117/1.OE.56.3.031215

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Laser vibration sensing at fraunhofer IOSB: review and applications

Lutzmann, Peter; Goehler, Benjamin; Hill, Chris A.; van Putten, Frank

Optical Engineering (Bellingham, WA, United States) (2017), 56 (3), 031215/1-031215/20CODEN: OPEGAR; ISSN:1560-2303. (Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers)

A review. Laser vibrometry based on coherent detection allows noncontact measurements of small-amplitude vibration characteristics of objects. This technique, commonly using the Doppler effect, offers high potential for short-range civil applications and for medium- or long-range applications in defense and security. Most com. available laser Doppler vibrometers are for short ranges (up to a few tens of meters) and use a single beam from a low-power HeNe laser source (λ = 633 nm). Medium- or long-range applications need higher laser output power, and thus, appropriate vibrometers typically operate at 1.5, 2, or 10.6 μm to meet the laser safety regulations. Spatially resolved vibrational information can be obtained from an object by using scanning laser vibrometers. To reduce measuring time and to measure transient object movements and vibrational mode structures of objects, several approaches to multibeam laser Doppler vibrometry have been developed, and some of them are already com. available for short ranges. We focus on applications in the field of defense and security, such as target classification and identification, including camouflaged or partly concealed targets, and the detection of buried land mines. Examples of civil medium-range applications are also given.

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114

Chang, I. C. I. Acoustooptic Devices and Applications. IEEE Trans. Sonics Ultrason. 1976, 23 , 2– 21, DOI: 10.1109/T-SU.1976.30835

115

Young, E. H., Jr. ; Yao, S.-K. Design Considerations for Acousto-Optic Devices. Proc. IEEE 1981, 69 , 54– 64, DOI: 10.1109/PROC.1981.11920

116

McLeod, E. ; Hopkins, A. B. ; Arnold, C. B. Multiscale Bessel Beams Generated by a Tunable Acoustic Gradient Index of Refraction Lens. Opt. Lett. 2006, 31 , 3155– 3157, DOI: 10.1364/OL.31.003155

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Multiscale Bessel beams generated by a tunable acoustic gradient index of refraction lens

McLeod Euan; Hopkins Adam B; Arnold Craig B

Optics letters (2006), 31 (21), 3155-7 ISSN:0146-9592.

A beam that resembles a Bessel beam on two scales is generated using a tunable acoustic gradient index of refraction (TAG) lens. The minor scale of the TAG-generated Bessel beam is nondiffracting and self-healing. The major scale of the beam diffracts while still forming a Bessel pattern due to the specific geometry of the TAG lens. The acoustic and optical theory behind the TAG lens is outlined, and the experimental beam itself is presented. The major and minor rings are explained, and the TAG beam is compared with both axicon-generated and conventionally focused Gaussian beams.

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117

Higginson, K. A. ; Costolo, M. A. ; Rietman, E. A. ; Ritter, J. M. ; Lipkens, B. Tunable Optics Derived from Nonlinear Acoustic Effects. J. Appl. Phys. 2004, 95 , 5896– 5904, DOI: 10.1063/1.1697618

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Tunable optics derived from nonlinear acoustic effects

Higginson, Keith A.; Costolo, Michael A.; Rietman, Edward A.; Ritter, Joseph M.; Lipkens, Bart

Journal of Applied Physics (2004), 95 (10), 5896-5904CODEN: JAPIAU; ISSN:0021-8979. (American Institute of Physics)

Gradient index lenses were formed in a liq.-filled cavity supporting an ultrasonic standing wave. The constructed devices acted as diverging lenses or axicon lenses, depending on whether the center or edge region is interrogated. The focal length of the diverging lens was controllable with the frequency and amplitude of applied ultrasound from -100 mm to neg. infinity. Expts. and models suggest that the primary process contributing to lensing is the steady-state d. component of the finite-amplitude standing wave; sound amplitudes up to 150 MPa were calcd. in glycerin, corresponding to a max. contrast in the refractive ∼0.1%. This amplitude was also sufficient to move high index nanometer-scale particles via an acoustic radiation force and thereby create larger refractive index gradients. The segregation of suspended nanoparticles was found to enhance the lensing effects that occurred in the pure fluids. Concepts are also explored to manipulate the particle distribution to create converging lenses and/or other desirable optical components.

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118

Higginson, K. A. ; Costolo, M. A. ; Rietman, E. A. Adaptive Geometric Optics Derived from Nonlinear Acoustic Effects. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 84 , 843– 845, DOI: 10.1063/1.1645663

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Adaptive geometric optics derived from nonlinear acoustic effects

Higginson, Keith A.; Costolo, Michael A.; Rietman, Edward A.

Applied Physics Letters (2004), 84 (6), 843-845CODEN: APPLAB; ISSN:0003-6951. (American Institute of Physics)

Tunable gradient index (GRIN) lenses were formed in a liq.-filled cavity supporting an ultrasonic standing wave. The refractive index gradient is based on the steady-state pressure component of the finite-amplitude acoustic signal. An acoustic lens was constructed which (1) focused and modulated a collimated light source and (2) formed an image. The properties of the lens are a function of the amplitude and frequency of the applied ultrasound. At the center of symmetry, the device can be approximated as a diverging lens with a single focal point of about -10 cm. In general, however, a series of focal lines are formed, to create a device resembling an axicon or an aberrating lens.

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119

Kong, L. ; Tang, J. ; Little, J. P. ; Yu, Y. ; Lämmermann, T. ; Lin, C. P. ; Germain, R. N. ; Cui, M. Continuous Volumetric Imaging Via an Optical Phase-Locked Ultrasound Lens. Nat. Methods 2015, 12 , 759– 762, DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3476

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119

Continuous volumetric imaging via an optical phase-locked ultrasound lens

Kong, Lingjie; Tang, Jianyong; Little, Justin P.; Yu, Yang; Lammermann, Tim; Lin, Charles P.; Germain, Ronald N.; Cui, Meng

Nature Methods (2015), 12 (8), 759-762CODEN: NMAEA3; ISSN:1548-7091. (Nature Publishing Group)

In vivo imaging at high spatiotemporal resoln. is key to the understanding of complex biol. systems. We integrated an optical phase-locked ultrasound lens into a two-photon fluorescence microscope and achieved microsecond-scale axial scanning, thus enabling volumetric imaging at tens of hertz. We applied this system to multicolor volumetric imaging of processes sensitive to motion artifacts, including calcium dynamics in behaving mouse brain and transient morphol. changes and trafficking of immune cells.

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120

Scopelliti, M. G. ; Chamanzar, M. Ultrasonically Sculpted Virtual Relay Lens for in Situ Microimaging. Light: Sci. Appl. 2019, 8 , 65, DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0173-7

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120

Ultrasonically sculpted virtual relay lens for in situ microimaging

Scopelliti Matteo Giuseppe; Chamanzar Maysamreza; Chamanzar Maysamreza; Chamanzar Maysamreza

Light, science & applications (2019), 8 (), 65 ISSN:.

We demonstrate in situ non-invasive relay imaging through a medium without inserting physical optical components. We show that a virtual optical graded-index (GRIN) lens can be sculpted in the medium using in situ reconfigurable ultrasonic interference patterns to relay images through the medium. Ultrasonic wave patterns change the local density of the medium to sculpt a graded refractive index pattern normal to the direction of light propagation, which modulates the phase front of light, causing it to focus within the medium and effectively creating a virtual relay lens. We demonstrate the in situ relay imaging and resolving of small features (22 μm) through a turbid medium (optical thickness = 5.7 times the scattering mean free path), which is normally opaque. The focal distance and the numerical aperture of the sculpted optical GRIN lens can be tuned by changing the ultrasonic wave parameters. As an example, we experimentally demonstrate that the axial focal distance can be continuously scanned over a depth of 5.4 mm in the modulated medium and that the numerical aperture can be tuned up to 21.5%. The interaction of ultrasonic waves and light can be mediated through different physical media, including turbid media, such as biological tissue, in which the ultrasonically sculpted GRIN lens can be used for relaying images of the underlying structures through the turbid medium, thus providing a potential alternative to implanting invasive endoscopes.

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121

Chamanzar, M. ; Scopelliti, M. G. ; Bloch, J. ; Do, N. ; Huh, M. ; Seo, D. ; Iafrati, J. ; Sohal, V. S. ; Alam, M.-R. ; Maharbiz, M. M. Ultrasonic Sculpting of Virtual Optical Waveguides in Tissue. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10 , 92, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07856-w

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121

Ultrasonic sculpting of virtual optical waveguides in tissue

Chamanzar Maysamreza; Scopelliti Matteo Giuseppe; Chamanzar Maysamreza; Huh Minyoung; Seo Dongjin; Maharbiz Michel M; Bloch Julien; Do Ninh; Alam Mohammad-Reza; Iafrati Jillian; Sohal Vikaas S; Iafrati Jillian; Sohal Vikaas S; Maharbiz Michel M; Maharbiz Michel M; Maharbiz Michel M

Nature communications (2019), 10 (1), 92 ISSN:.

Optical imaging and stimulation are widely used to study biological events. However, scattering processes limit the depth to which externally focused light can penetrate tissue. Optical fibers and waveguides are commonly inserted into tissue when delivering light deeper than a few millimeters. This approach, however, introduces complications arising from tissue damage. In addition, it makes it difficult to steer light. Here, we demonstrate that ultrasound can be used to define and steer the trajectory of light within scattering media by exploiting local pressure differences created by acoustic waves that result in refractive index contrasts. We show that virtual light pipes can be created deep into the tissue (>18 scattering mean free paths). We demonstrate the application of this technology in confining light through mouse brain tissue. This technology is likely extendable to form arbitrary light patterns within tissue, extending both the reach and the flexibility of light-based methods.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3cnpsl2jug%253D%253D&md5=784a4fafc6d24a0b9ddab310acd8fd55

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Karimi, Y. ; Scopelliti, M. G. ; Do, N. ; Alam, M.-R. ; Chamanzar, M. In Situ 3D Reconfigurable Ultrasonically Sculpted Optical Beam Paths. Opt. Express 2019, 27 , 7249– 7265, DOI: 10.1364/OE.27.007249

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122

In situ 3D reconfigurable ultrasonically sculpted optical beam paths

Karimi Yasin; Scopelliti Matteo Giuseppe; Do Ninh; Alam Mohammad-Reza; Chamanzar Maysamreza

Optics express (2019), 27 (5), 7249-7265 ISSN:.

We demonstrate that optical beams can be spatially and temporally shaped in situ by forming 3D reconfigurable interference patterns of ultrasound waves in the medium. In this technique, ultrasonic pressure waves induce a modulated refractive index pattern that shapes the optical beam as it propagates through the medium. Using custom-designed cylindrical ultrasonic arrays, we demonstrate that complex patterns of light can be sculpted in the medium, including dipole and quadrupole shapes. Additionally, through a combination of theory and experiment, we demonstrate that these optical patterns can be scanned in radial and azimuthal directions. Moreover, we show that light can be selectively confined to different extrema of the spatial ultrasound pressure profile by temporally synchronizing lightwave and ultrasound. Finally, we demonstrate that this technique can also be used to define spatial patterns of light in turbid media. The notion of in situ 3D sculpting of optical beam paths using ultrasound interference patterns can find intriguing applications in biological imaging and manipulation, holography, and microscopy.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3cbks1ajsw%253D%253D&md5=3a24bdd0246ccc07071f88d912d8bf90

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Mermillod-Blondin, A. ; McLeod, E. ; Arnold, C. B. Dynamic Pulsed-Beam Shaping Using a TAG Lens in the Near UV. Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. 2008, 93 , 231– 234, DOI: 10.1007/s00339-008-4653-5

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123

Dynamic pulsed-beam shaping using a TAG lens in the near UV

Mermillod-Blondin, Alexandre; McLeod, Euan; Arnold, Craig B.

Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing (2008), 93 (1), 231-234CODEN: APAMFC; ISSN:0947-8396. (Springer)

The ability to dynamically shape the spatial intensity profile of an incident laser beam enables new ways to modify and structure surfaces through pulsed laser processing. Here the authors describe a method to generate doughnut-shaped beams from an input Gaussian source using a tunable acoustic gradient index (TAG) lens. The TAG lens is capable of modulating between focused beams and annular rings of variable size, using sinusoidal driving frequencies. Laser micromachining is accomplished by synchronizing the TAG lens to a 355. nm pulsed nanosecond laser. Results in polyimide demonstrate the ability to generate adjacent surface features with different shapes and sizes.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXhtFGnsL3M&md5=f0c357d1ec4e150b2ea3a3e0eb52fdb7

124

Ramaz, F. ; Forget, B. C. ; Atlan, M. ; Boccara, A. C. ; Gross, M. ; Delaye, P. ; Roosen, G. Photorefractive Detection of Tagged Photons in Ultrasound Modulated Optical Tomography of Thick Biological Tissues. Opt. Express 2004, 12 , 5469– 5474, DOI: 10.1364/OPEX.12.005469

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124

Photorefractive detection of tagged photons in ultrasound modulated optical tomography of thick biological tissues

Ramaz F; Forget B; Atlan M; Boccara A C; Gross M; Delaye P; Roosen G

Optics express (2004), 12 (22), 5469-74 ISSN:.

We present a new and simple method to obtain ultrasound modulated optical tomography images in thick biological tissues with the use of a photorefractive crystal. The technique offers the advantage of spatially adapting the output speckle wavefront by analysing the signal diffracted by the interference pattern between this output field and a reference beam, recorded inside the photorefractive crystal. Averaging out due to random phases of the speckle grains vanishes, and we can use a fast single photodetector to measure the ultrasound modulated optical contrast. This technique offers a promising way to make direct measurements within the decorrelation time scale of living tissues.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD1MzovVehsA%253D%253D&md5=aace3c7265bcbdca1f83e54c4e36be9b

125

Xu, X. ; Liu, H. ; Wang, L. V. Time-Reversed Ultrasonically Encoded Optical Focusing into Scattering Media. Nat. Photonics 2011, 5 , 154– 157, DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2010.306

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125

Time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing into scattering media

Xu, Xiao; Liu, Honglin; Wang, Lihong V.

Nature Photonics (2011), 5 (3), 154-157CODEN: NPAHBY; ISSN:1749-4885. (Nature Publishing Group)

Light focusing plays a central role in biomedical imaging, manipulation and therapy. In scattering media, direct light focusing becomes infeasible beyond one transport mean free path. All previous methods used to overcome this diffusion limit lack a practical internal guide star'. Here, we propose and exptl. validate a novel concept called time-reversed ultrasonically encoded (TRUE) optical focusing to deliver light into any dynamically defined location inside a scattering medium. First, diffused coherent light is encoded by a focused ultrasonic wave to provide a virtual internal guide star. Only the encoded light is time-reversed and transmitted back to the ultrasonic focus. The time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focus-defined by the ultrasonic wave-is unaffected by multiple scattering of light. Such focusing is particularly desirable in biol. tissue, where ultrasonic scattering is ∼1,000 times weaker than optical scattering. Various fields, including biomedical and colloidal optics, can benefit from TRUE optical focusing.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXisFWqs70%253D&md5=660efbec3fef53f67a388dcc81edc781

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Ruan, H. ; Jang, M. ; Yang, C. Optical Focusing inside Scattering Media with Time-Reversed Ultrasound Microbubble Encoded Light. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6 , 8968, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9968

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126

Optical focusing inside scattering media with time-reversed ultrasound microbubble encoded light

Ruan, Haowen; Jang, Mooseok; Yang, Changhuei

Nature Communications (2015), 6 (), 8968CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)

Focusing light inside scattering media in a freely addressable fashion is challenging, as the wavefront of the scattered light is highly disordered. Recently developed ultrasound-guided wavefront shaping methods are addressing this challenge, albeit with relatively low modulation efficiency and resoln. limitations. In this paper, we present a new technique, time-reversed ultrasound microbubble encoded (TRUME) optical focusing, which can focus light with improved efficiency and sub-ultrasound wavelength resoln. This method ultrasonically destroys microbubbles, and measures the wavefront change to compute and render a suitable time-reversed wavefront soln. for focusing. We demonstrate that the TRUME technique can create an optical focus at the site of bubble destruction with a size of ∼2 μm. We further demonstrate a twofold enhancement in addressable focus resoln. in a microbubble aggregate target by exploiting the nonlinear pressure-to-destruction response of the microbubbles. The reported technique provides a deep tissue-focusing soln. with high efficiency, resoln., and specificity.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhvFWlsbbJ&md5=f0012483ca6971fabfe742fb0fe678a0

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Rosenfeld, M. ; Weinberg, G. ; Doktofsky, D. ; Li, Y. ; Tian, L. ; Katz, O. Acousto-Optic Ptychography. Optica 2021, 8 , 936– 943, DOI: 10.1364/OPTICA.424828

128

Ruan, H. ; Brake, J. ; Robinson, J. E. ; Liu, Y. ; Jang, M. ; Xiao, C. ; Zhou, C. ; Gradinaru, V. ; Yang, C. Deep Tissue Optical Focusing and Optogenetic Modulation with Time-Reversed Ultrasonically Encoded Light. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3 , eaao5520 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao5520

129

Koyama, D. ; Isago, R. ; Nakamura, K. Compact, High-Speed Variable-Focus Liquid Lens Using Acoustic Radiation Force. Opt. Express 2010, 18 , 25158– 25169, DOI: 10.1364/OE.18.025158

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129

Compact, high-speed variable-focus liquid lens using acoustic radiation force

Koyama, Daisuke; Isago, Ryoichi; Nakamura, Kentaro

Optics Express (2010), 18 (24), 25158-25169CODEN: OPEXFF; ISSN:1094-4087. (Optical Society of America)

A compact, high-speed variable-focus liq. lens using acoustic radiation force is proposed. The lens consists of an annular piezoelec. ultrasound transducer and an aluminum cell (height: 3 mm; diam.: 6 mm) filled with degassed water and silicone oil. The profile of the oil-water interface can be rapidly varied by applying acoustic radiation force from the transducer, allowing the liq. lens to be operated as a variable-focus lens. A theor. model based on a spring-mass-dashpot model is proposed for the vibration of the lens. The sound pressure distribution in the lens was calcd. by finite element anal. and it suggests that an acoustic standing wave is generated in the lens. The fastest response time of 6.7 ms was obtained with silicone oil with a kinematic viscosity of 100 cSt.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhsV2qtrvM&md5=11e83af72ee76a08fe92a3cea4d1b081

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Issenmann, B. ; Nicolas, A. ; Wunenburger, R. ; Manneville, S. ; Delville, J.-P. Deformation of Acoustically Transparent Fluid Interfaces by the Acoustic Radiation Pressure. Europhys. Lett. 2008, 83 , 34002, DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/83/34002

131

Shimizu, Y. ; Koyama, D. ; Fukui, M. ; Emoto, A. ; Nakamura, K. ; Matsukawa, M. Ultrasound Liquid Crystal Lens. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2018, 112 , 161104, DOI: 10.1063/1.5027131

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131

Ultrasound liquid crystal lens

Shimizu, Yuki; Koyama, Daisuke; Fukui, Marina; Emoto, Akira; Nakamura, Kentaro; Matsukawa, Mami

Applied Physics Letters (2018), 112 (16), 161104/1-161104/5CODEN: APPLAB; ISSN:0003-6951. (American Institute of Physics)

A variable-focus lens using a combination of liq. crystals and ultrasound is discussed. The lens uses a technique based on ultrasound vibration to control the mol. orientation of the liq. crystal. The lens structure is simple, with no mech. moving parts and no transparent electrodes, which is helpful for device downsizing; the structure consists of a liq. crystal layer sandwiched between two glass substrates with a piezoelec. ring. The tens-of-kHz ultrasonic resonance flexural vibration used to excite the lens generates an acoustic radiation force on the liq. crystal layer to induce changes in the mol. orientation of the liq. crystal. The orientations of the liq. crystal mols. and the optical characteristics of the lens were investigated under ultrasound excitation. Clear optical images were obsd. through the lens, and the focal point could be controlled using the input voltage to the piezoelec. ring to give the lens its variable-focus action. (c) 2018 American Institute of Physics.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXotVaqsro%253D&md5=1920c3492fd01d1fef77eb7021886a49

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Feng, G.-H. ; Liu, J.-H. Simple-Structured Capillary-Force-Dominated Tunable-Focus Liquid Lens Based on the Higher-Order-Harmonic Resonance of a Piezoelectric Ring Transducer. Appl. Opt. 2013, 52 , 829– 837, DOI: 10.1364/AO.52.000829

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132

Simple-structured capillary-force-dominated tunable-focus liquid lens based on the higher-order-harmonic resonance of a piezoelectric ring transducer

Feng Guo-Hua; Liu Jun-Hao

Applied optics (2013), 52 (4), 829-37 ISSN:.

This paper proposes a tunable-focus liquid lens implemented with a simple cylindrical container structure and liquid as the lens material. The cylindrical container was constructed using a Pb [Zr(0.52)Ti(0.48)]O(3) (PZT) ring transducer and a polydimethylsiloxane membrane that was attached to a flat side of the transducer. The free surface of the liquid in the cylindrical container can be driven as a static-like convex lens with different curvatures because the higher-order harmonic resonance of the PZT transducer was electrically controlled. Based on a capillary-force-dominant design, the activated liquid lens maintained surface curvature in an arbitrary orientation without a gravitational effect. Profiles of the liquid lenses were characterized with the driving voltages of the transducer ranging from 12 to 60 V peak-to-peak (Vpp) at a resonant frequency of 460 kHz. The temperature effects on the lenses caused by the continuous operation of the transducer were measured. Images showed the various curvatures of the lenses with a range of actuation voltages. A change in focal length of eight times (5.72 to 46.03 cm) was demonstrated within the 10 Vpp variation of the driving voltage. For the characterized liquid lenses, the distortion was less than 2%, and the modulation transfer function reached 63 line pairs per mm (lp/mm) using ZEMAX analysis.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC3szlvFOisg%253D%253D&md5=b31fb8c56199b8f957b089cf32fd842f

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Koyama, D. ; Isago, R. ; Nakamura, K. Ultrasonic Variable-Focus Optical Lens Using Viscoelastic Material. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012, 100 , 091102, DOI: 10.1063/1.3688937

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133

Ultrasonic variable-focus optical lens using viscoelastic material

Koyama, Daisuke; Isago, Ryoichi; Nakamura, Kentaro

Applied Physics Letters (2012), 100 (9), 091102/1-091102/3CODEN: APPLAB; ISSN:0003-6951. (American Institute of Physics)

A variable-focus lens that employs acoustic radiation force and a viscoelastic material and that has no mech. moving parts is studied. The lens has a simple and thin structure that consists of an annular ultrasonic transducer and silicone gel. An axially sym. acoustic standing wave can be generated in the gel by exciting a vibration mode in the radial direction on the transducer. The lens profile can be altered by varying the acoustic radiation force of the transducer. The focal length can be controlled by varying the transducer input voltage so that the lens functions as a variable-focus lens. (c) 2012 American Institute of Physics.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XivVequrc%253D&md5=47d9da8435960e53032f29e68830c2d0

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Sakata, D. ; Iwase, T. ; Onaka, J. ; Koyama, D. ; Matsukawa, M. Varifocal Optical Lens Using Ultrasonic Vibration and Thixotropic Gel. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2021, 149 , 3954– 3960, DOI: 10.1121/10.0005195

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134

Varifocal optical lens using ultrasonic vibration and thixotropic gel

Sakata, Daiko; Iwase, Takahiro; Onaka, Jessica; Koyama, Daisuke; Matsukawa, Mami

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (2021), 149 (6), 3954CODEN: JASMAN; ISSN:0001-4966. (Acoustical Society of America)

A variable focus optical lens using a thixotropic gel and ultrasonic vibration is discussed. The surface profile of the gel could be deformed via acoustic radiation force generated by ultrasound. A thixotropic gel in which the viscosity was changed by shear stress was employed as a transparent lens material. The thixotropic gel allowed the lens to maintain shape deformation in the absence of continuous ultrasound excitation. The lens had a simple structure with no mech. moving parts and included an annular piezoelec. transducer, a glass disk, and the thixotropic gel film. The axisym. concentric flexural vibration mode was generated on the lens at 71 kHz, which resulted in static surface deformation of the gel via the acoustic radiation force. The preservation rate was investigated after switching off the ultrasonic excitation. There was a trade-off between the preservation rate of the lens deformation and the response time for focusing. The focal length could be controlled via the input voltage to the lens, and a variable-focus convex lens could be realized; the change in the focal length with 4.0 Vpp was 0.54 mm. The optical transmittance of the lens was measured and the transmittance ranged 70%-80% in the visible spectral region.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXitValtLrO&md5=b4db645383aa9f58c5b9f75c2337a4e7

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Bertin, N. ; Chraïbi, H. ; Wunenburger, R. ; Delville, J.-P. ; Brasselet, E. Universal Morphologies of Fluid Interfaces Deformed by the Radiation Pressure of Acoustic or Electromagnetic Waves. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012, 109 , 244304, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.244304

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135

Universal morphologies of fluid interfaces deformed by the radiation pressure of acoustic or electromagnetic waves

Bertin, N.; Charaibi, H.; Wunenburger, R.; Delville, J.-P.; Brasselet, E.

Physical Review Letters (2012), 109 (24), 244304/1-244304/5CODEN: PRLTAO; ISSN:0031-9007. (American Physical Society)

We unveil the generation of universal morphologies of fluid interfaces by radiation pressure regardless of the nature of the wave, whether acoustic or optical. Exptl. observations reveal interface deformations endowed with steplike features that are shown to result from the interplay between the wave propagation and the shape of the interface. The results are supported by numerical simulations and a quant. interpretation based on the waveguiding properties of the field is provided.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtFymu70%253D&md5=ae4f16eb9c52f19f93fcbc4d7bf16371

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Liu, Y. J. ; Ding, X. ; Lin, S.-C. S. ; Shi, J. ; Chiang, I.-K. ; Huang, T. J. Surface Acoustic Wave Driven Light Shutters Using Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23 , 1656– 1659, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201003708

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136

Surface Acoustic Wave Driven Light Shutters Using Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals

Liu, Yan Jun; Ding, Xiaoyun; Lin, Sz-Chin Steven; Shi, Jinjie; Chiang, I.-Kao; Huang, Tony Jun

Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2011), 23 (14), 1656-1659CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

The authors have demonstrated a surface acoustic wave (SAW)-driven polymer-dispersed liq. crystals (PDLC) light shutter based on the acoustic streaming-induced realignment of LC mols. as well as absorption-related thermal diffusion. The working mechanism was analyzed theor. and the acoustooptical properties of the PDLC sample were characterized exptl. This device shows excellent performance in terms of energy consumption and optical contrast, which is important for applications - such as displays and smart windows.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXkt12ls7c%253D&md5=a209361ae6b84bb94cb5f2daac825449

137

Naugol'nykh, K. A.; Ostrovskiĭ, L. A. Nonlinear Wave Processes in Acoustics; Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics; Cambridge University Press: New York, 1998; pp 245– 291.

138

Hamilton, M. F. Fundamentals and Applications of Nonlinear Acoustics. Nonlinear Wave Propagation in Mechanics; Wright, T. W. , Ed.; American Society of Mechanical Engineers: New York, 1986.

139

Bunkin, F. V. ; Kravtsov, Y. A. ; Lyakhov, G. A. Acoustic Analogues of Nonlinear-Optics Phenomena. Sov. Phys.-Usp. 1986, 29 , 607– 619, DOI: 10.1070/PU1986v029n07ABEH003458

140

Caleap, M. ; Drinkwater, B. W. Acoustically Trapped Colloidal Crystals That Are Reconfigurable in Real Time. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2014, 111 , 6226– 6230, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323048111

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140

Acoustically trapped colloidal crystals that are reconfigurable in real time

Caleap, Mihai; Drinkwater, Bruce W.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2014), 111 (17), 6226-6230CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)

Photonic and phononic crystals are metamaterials with repeating unit cells that result in internal resonances leading to a range of wave guiding and filtering properties and are opening up new applications such as hyper-lenses and superabsorbers. The authors show the first 3D colloidal phononic crystal that is reconfigurable in real time and demonstrate its ability to rapidly alter its frequency filtering characteristics. The reconfigurable material is assembled from microspheres in aq. soln., trapped with acoustic radiation forces. The acoustic radiation force is governed by an energy landscape, detd. by an applied high-amplitude acoustic standing wave field, in which particles move swiftly to energy min. This creates a colloidal crystal of several milliliters in vol. with spheres arranged in an orthorhombic lattice in which the acoustic wavelength is used to control the lattice spacing. Transmission acoustic spectroscopy shows that the new colloidal crystal behaves as a phononic metamaterial and exhibits clear band-pass and band-stop frequencies which are adjusted in real time.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXltl2mtLg%253D&md5=330488b5627d6c0e3aa1cbf9219031e7

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Guevara Vasquez, F. ; Mauck, C. Periodic Particle Arrangements Using Standing Acoustic Waves. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 2019, 475 , 20190574, DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2019.0574

142

Devaux, T. ; Cebrecos, A. ; Richoux, O. ; Pagneux, V. ; Tournat, V. Acoustic Radiation Pressure for Nonreciprocal Transmission and Switch Effects. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10 , 3292, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11305-7

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142

Acoustic radiation pressure for nonreciprocal transmission and switch effects

Devaux Thibaut; Cebrecos Alejandro; Richoux Olivier; Pagneux Vincent; Tournat Vincent

Nature communications (2019), 10 (1), 3292 ISSN:.

Systems capable of breaking wave transmission reciprocity have recently led to tremendous developments in wave physics. We report herein on a concept that enables one-way transmission of ultrasounds, an acoustic diode, by relying on the radiation pressure effect. This effect makes it possible to reconfigure a multilayer system by significantly deforming a water-air interface. Such a reconfiguration is then used to achieve an efficient acoustic transmission in a specified direction of propagation but not in the opposite, hence resulting in a highly nonreciprocal transmission. The corresponding concept is experimentally demonstrated using an aluminum-water-air-aluminum multilayer system, providing the means to overcome key limitations of current nonreciprocal acoustic devices. We also demonstrate that this diode functionality can even be extended to the design and operations of an acoustic switch, thus paving the way for new wave control possibilities, such as those based on acoustic transistors, phonon computing and amplitude-dependent filters.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3MvgsFansw%253D%253D&md5=bf151192579409d7f060eb51c40f6360

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Gibaud, T. ; Dagès, N. ; Lidon, P. ; Jung, G. ; Ahouré, L. C. ; Sztucki, M. ; Poulesquen, A. ; Hengl, N. ; Pignon, F. ; Manneville, S. Rheoacoustic Gels: Tuning Mechanical and Flow Properties of Colloidal Gels with Ultrasonic Vibrations. Phys. Rev. X 2020, 10 , 011028, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.10.011028

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143

Rheoacoustic Gels: Tuning Mechanical and Flow Properties of Colloidal Gels with Ultrasonic Vibrations

Gibaud, Thomas; Dages, Noemie; Lidon, Pierre; Jung, Guillaume; Ahoure, L. Christian; Sztucki, Michael; Poulesquen, Arnaud; Hengl, Nicolas; Pignon, Frederic; Manneville, Sebastien

Physical Review X (2020), 10 (1), 011028CODEN: PRXHAE; ISSN:2160-3308. (American Physical Society)

A review. Colloidal gels, where nanoscale particles aggregate into an elastic yet fragile network, are at the heart of materials that combine specific optical, elec., and mech. properties. Tailoring the viscoelastic features of colloidal gels in real time thanks to an external stimulus currently appears as a major challenge in the design of "smart" soft materials. Here we introduce "rheoacoustic" gels, a class of materials that are sensitive to ultrasonic vibrations. By using a combination of rheol. and structural characterization, we evidence and quantify a strong softening in three widely different colloidal gels submitted to ultrasonic vibrations (with submicron amplitude and frequency 20-500 kHz). This softening is attributed to micron-sized cracks within the gel network that may or may not fully heal once vibrations are turned off depending on the acoustic intensity. Ultrasonic vibrations are further shown to dramatically decrease the gel yield stress and accelerate shear-induced fluidization. Ultrasound-assisted fluidization dynamics appear to be governed by an effective temp. that depends on the acoustic intensity. Our work opens the way to a full control of elastic and flow properties by ultrasonic vibrations as well as to future theor. and numerical modeling of such rheoacoustic gels.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtVGisrzM&md5=65c6c8301e12535f36a90cc34520e64d

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Kaspar, C. ; Ravoo, B. J. ; van der Wiel, W. G. ; Wegner, S. V. ; Pernice, W. H. P. The Rise of Intelligent Matter. Nature 2021, 594 , 345– 355, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03453-y

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144

The rise of intelligent matter

Kaspar, C.; Ravoo, B. J.; van der Wiel, W. G.; Wegner, S. V.; Pernice, W. H. P.

Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2021), 594 (7863), 345-355CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Portfolio)

Abstr.: Artificial intelligence (AI) is accelerating the development of unconventional computing paradigms inspired by the abilities and energy efficiency of the brain. The human brain excels esp. in computationally intensive cognitive tasks, such as pattern recognition and classification. A long-term goal is de-centralized neuromorphic computing, relying on a network of distributed cores to mimic the massive parallelism of the brain, thus rigorously following a nature-inspired approach for information processing. Through the gradual transformation of interconnected computing blocks into continuous computing tissue, the development of advanced forms of matter exhibiting basic features of intelligence can be envisioned, able to learn and process information in a delocalized manner. Such intelligent matter would interact with the environment by receiving and responding to external stimuli, while internally adapting its structure to enable the distribution and storage (as memory) of information. We review progress towards implementations of intelligent matter using mol. systems, soft materials or solid-state materials, with respect to applications in soft robotics, the development of adaptive artificial skins and distributed neuromorphic computing.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhtleqsLrO&md5=0ef5b5ba2885322184565ee2e9f1505d

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Prosperetti, A. A. Generalization of the RayleighPlesset Equation of Bubble Dynamics. Phys. Fluids 1982, 25 , 409, DOI: 10.1063/1.863775

146

Davis, G. E. Scattering of Light by an Air Bubble in Water. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1955, 45 , 572– 581, DOI: 10.1364/JOSA.45.000572

147

Argo, T. F. ; Wilson, P. S. ; Palan, V. Measurement of the Resonance Frequency of Single Bubbles Using a Laser Doppler Vibrometer. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2008, 123 , EL121– EL125, DOI: 10.1121/1.2908195

148

Marston, P. Light Scattering From Bubbles In Water. Proceedings OCEANS 1989, 1186– 1193, DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1989.587504

149

Erpelding, T. N. ; Hollman, K. W. ; O'Donnell, M. Bubble-Based Acoustic Radiation Force Elasticity Imaging. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 2005, 52 , 971– 979, DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2005.1504019

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149

Bubble-based acoustic radiation force elasticity imaging

Erpelding Todd N; Hollman Kyle W; O'Donnell Matthew

IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control (2005), 52 (6), 971-9 ISSN:0885-3010.

Acoustic radiation force is applied to bubbles generated by laser-induced optical breakdown (LIOB) to study viscoelastic properties of the surrounding medium. In this investigation, femtosecond laser pulses are focused in the volume of gelatin phantoms of different concentrations to form bubbles. A two-element confocal ultrasonic transducer generates acoustic radiation force on individual bubbles while monitoring their displacement within a viscoelastic medium. Tone burst pushes of varying duration have been applied by the outer element at 1.5 MHz. The inner element receives pulse-echo recordings at 7.44 MHz before, during, and after the excitation bursts, and crosscorrelation processing is performed offline to monitor bubble position. Maximum bubble displacements are inversely related to the Young's moduli for different gel phantoms, with a maximum bubble displacement of over 200 microm in a gel phantom with a Young's modulus of 1.7 kPa. Bubble displacements scale with the applied acoustic radiation force and displacements can be normalized to correct for differences in bubble size. Exponential time constants for bubble displacement curves are independent of bubble radius and follow a decreasing trend with the Young's modulus of the surrounding medium. These results demonstrate the potential for bubble-based acoustic radiation force methods to measure tissue viscoelastic properties.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD2Mvlt1Squw%253D%253D&md5=f4aa2ac56b47b17aa69049ba30758bac

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Koruk, H. ; Choi, J. J. Displacement of a Bubble by Acoustic Radiation Force into a Fluid-Tissue Interface. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2018, 143 , 2535– 2540, DOI: 10.1121/1.5034175

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150

Displacement of a bubble by acoustic radiation force into a fluid-tissue interface

Koruk Hasan; Choi James J

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (2018), 143 (4), 2535 ISSN:.

Microbubbles in an ultrasound beam experience a primary Bjerknes force, which pushes the microbubbles against a fluid-tissue interface and deforms the tissue. This interaction has been used to measure tissue elasticity and is a common interaction in many therapeutic and diagnostic applications, but the mechanisms of deformation, and how the deformation dynamic depends on the bubble and ultrasound parameters, remain unknown. In this study, a mathematical model is proposed for the displacement of a bubble onto a fluid-tissue interface and the tissue deformation in response to the primary Bjerknes force. First, a model was derived for static loading and the model's prediction of bubble-mediated tissue displacement and stresses in tissue were explored. Second, the model was updated for dynamic loading. The results showed that the bubble is both displaced by the applied force and changes its shape. The bubble displacement changes nonlinearly with the applied force. The stress values in tissue are quite high for a distance within one radius of the bubble from the bubble surface. The model proposed here is permissible in human tissue and can be used for biomedical ultrasound applications, including material characterization.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1MjoslOrtw%253D%253D&md5=4012491a3e05bbdf677154d3167d9f92

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Ilinskii, Y. A. ; Meegan, G. D. ; Zabolotskaya, E. A. ; Emelianov, S. Y. Gas Bubble and Solid Sphere Motion in Elastic Media in Response to Acoustic Radiation Force. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2005, 117 , 2338– 2346, DOI: 10.1121/1.1863672

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151

Gas bubble and solid sphere motion in elastic media in response to acoustic radiation force

Ilinskii, Yurii A.; Meegan, G. Douglas; Zabolotskaya, Evgenia A.; Emelianov, Stanislav Y.

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (2005), 117 (4, Pt. 1), 2338-2346CODEN: JASMAN; ISSN:0001-4966. (American Institute of Physics)

The general approach to est. the displacement of rounded objects (specifically, gas bubbles and solid spheres) in elastic incompressible media in response to applied acoustic radiation force is presented. In this study, both static displacement and transient motion are analyzed using the linear approxn. To evaluate the static displacement of the spherical inclusion, equations coupling the applied force, displacement, and shear modulus of the elastic medium are derived. Anal. expressions to est. the static displacement of solid spheres and gas bubbles are presented. Under a continuously applied static force, both the solid sphere and the initially spherical gas bubble are displaced, and the bubble is deformed. The transient responses of the inclusions are described using motion equations. The displacements of the inclusion in elastic incompressible lossless media are analyzed using both frequency-domain and time-domain formalism, and the equations of motion are derived for both a solid sphere and a gas bubble. For a short pulsed force, an anal. soln. for the equations of motion is presented. Finally, transient displacement of the gas bubble in viscoelastic media is considered.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2MXjtFeitbc%253D&md5=681f699b6bff1b23fc23617cb0d20fd7

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Hall, T. ; Bilgen, M. ; Insana, M. ; Krouskop, T. Phantom Materials for Elastography. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 1997, 44 , 1355– 1365, DOI: 10.1109/58.656639

153

Alekseev, V. ; Rybak, S. Gas Bubble Oscillations in Elastic Media. Acoust. Phys. 1999, 45 , 535– 540

154

Jamburidze, A. ; De Corato, M. ; Huerre, A. ; Pommella, A. ; Garbin, V. High-Frequency Linear Rheology of Hydrogels Probed by Ultrasound-Driven Microbubble Dynamics. Soft Matter 2017, 13 , 3946– 3953, DOI: 10.1039/C6SM02810A

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154

High-frequency linear rheology of hydrogels probed by ultrasound-driven microbubble dynamics

Jamburidze, Akaki; De Corato, Marco; Huerre, Axel; Pommella, Angelo; Garbin, Valeria

Soft Matter (2017), 13 (21), 3946-3953CODEN: SMOABF; ISSN:1744-6848. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

Ultrasound-driven microbubble dynamics are central to biomedical applications, from diagnostic imaging to drug delivery and therapy. In therapeutic applications, the bubbles are typically embedded in tissue, and their dynamics are strongly affected by the viscoelastic properties of the soft solid medium. While the behavior of bubbles in Newtonian fluids is well characterized, a fundamental understanding of the effect on ultrasound-driven bubble dynamics of a soft viscoelastic medium is still being developed. In this, the resonant behavior in ultrasound of isolated microbubbles embedded in agarose gels were characterized, commonly used as tissue-mimicking phantoms. Gels with different viscoelastic properties were obtained by tuning agarose concn. The radial dynamics of the bubbles were recorded by high-speed video microscopy. Resonance curves were measured exptl. and fitted to a model combining the Rayleigh-Plesset equation governing bubble dynamics, with the Kelvin-Voigt model. The resonance frequency of the bubbles was found to increase with increasing shear modulus of the medium, with implications for optimization of imaging and therapeutic ultrasound protocols. In addn., the viscoelastic properties inferred from ultrasound-driven bubble dynamics differ significantly from those measured at low frequency with the rheometer. Hence, rheol. characterization of biomaterials for medical ultrasound applications requires particular attention to the strain rate applied.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXntVSlsrc%253D&md5=2a9d93fa690f76065e5773c4d1fc0ec3

155

Zhang, S. ; Huang, A. ; Bar-Zion, A. ; Wang, J. ; Mena, O. V. ; Shapiro, M. G. ; Friend, J. The Vibration Behavior of Sub-Micrometer Gas Vesicles in Response to Acoustic Excitation Determined via Laser Doppler Vibrometry. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30 , 2000239, DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202000239

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155

The Vibration Behavior of Sub-Micrometer Gas Vesicles in Response to Acoustic Excitation Determined via Laser Doppler Vibrometry

Zhang, Shuai; Huang, An; Bar-Zion, Avinoam; Wang, Jiaying; Mena, Oscar Vazquez; Shapiro, Mikhail G.; Friend, James

Advanced Functional Materials (2020), 30 (13), 2000239CODEN: AFMDC6; ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

The ability to monitor sub-micrometer gas vesicles' (GVs) vibration behavior to nonlinear buckling and collapse using laser Doppler vibrometry is reported, providing a precise noncontact technique for monitoring the motion of sub-micrometer objects. The fundamental and first harmonic resonance frequencies of the vesicles are found to be 1.024 and 1.710 GHz, resp. An interparticle resonance is furthermore identified at ≈300 MHz, inversely dependent upon the agglomerated GV size of around 615 nm. Most importantly, the vesicles amplify and broaden input acoustic signals at far lower frequencies-for example, 7 MHz-assocd. with medical and industrial applications, and they are found to transition from a linear to nonlinear response at 150 kPa and to collapse at 350 kPa or greater.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXivFymsLo%253D&md5=09049fa2f219717389283451887be38f

156

Sijl, J. ; Gaud, E. ; Frinking, P. J. A. ; Arditi, M. ; de Jong, N. ; Lohse, D. ; Versluis, M. Acoustic Characterization of Single Ultrasound Contrast Agent Microbubbles. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2008, 124 , 4091– 4097, DOI: 10.1121/1.2997437

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156

Acoustic characterization of single ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles

Sijl Jeroen; Gaud Emmanuel; Frinking Peter J A; Arditi Marcel; de Jong Nico; Lohse Detlef; Versluis Michel

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (2008), 124 (6), 4091-7 ISSN:.

Individual ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles (BR14) were characterized acoustically. The bubbles were excited at a frequency of 2 MHz and at peak-negative pressure amplitudes of 60 and 100 kPa. By measuring the transmit and receive transfer functions of both the transmit and receive transducers, echoes of individual bubbles were recorded quantitatively and compared to simulated data. At 100 kPa driving pressure, a second harmonic response was observed for bubbles with a size close to their resonance size. Power spectra were derived from the echo waveforms of bubbles of different sizes. These spectra were in good agreement with those calculated from a Rayleigh-Plesset-type model, incorporating the viscoelastic properties of the phospholipid shell. Small bubbles excited below their resonance frequency have a response dominated by the characteristics of their phospholipid shell, whereas larger bubbles, excited above resonance, have a response identical to those of uncoated bubbles of similar size.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD1M7jt1Wksw%253D%253D&md5=3a5949ab36d94c9e106ced89fd2c2d3a

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Sijl, J. ; Vos, H. J. ; Rozendal, T. ; de Jong, N. ; Lohse, D. ; Versluis, M. Combined Optical and Acoustical Detection of Single Microbubble Dynamics. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2011, 130 , 3271– 3281, DOI: 10.1121/1.3626155

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157

Combined optical and acoustical detection of single microbubble dynamics

Sijl, Jeroen; Vos, Hendrik J.; Rozendal, Timo; de Jong, Nico; Lohse, Detlef; Versluis, Michel

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (2011), 130 (5, Pt. 2), 3271-3281CODEN: JASMAN; ISSN:0001-4966. (Acoustical Society of America)

A detailed understanding of the response of single microbubbles subjected to ultrasound is fundamental to a full understanding of the contrast-enhancing abilities of microbubbles in medical ultrasound imaging, in targeted mol. imaging with ultrasound, and in ultrasound-mediated drug delivery with microbubbles. Here, single microbubbles are isolated and their ultrasound-induced radial dynamics recorded with an ultra-high-speed camera at up to 25 million frames per s. The sound emission is recorded simultaneously with a calibrated single element transducer. It is shown that the sound emission can be predicted directly from the optically recorded radial dynamics, and vice versa, that the nanometer-scale radial dynamics can be predicted from the acoustic response recorded in the far field.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XitFymsQ%253D%253D&md5=2aef892d050608494895d4ec10ba047c

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Saint-Michel, B. ; Garbin, V. Acoustic Bubble Dynamics in a Yield-Stress Fluid. Soft Matter 2020, 16 , 10405– 10418, DOI: 10.1039/D0SM01044H

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158

Acoustic bubble dynamics in a yield-stress fluid

Saint-Michel, Brice; Garbin, Valeria

Soft Matter (2020), 16 (46), 10405-10418CODEN: SMOABF; ISSN:1744-6848. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

Yield-stress fluids naturally trap small bubbles when their buoyancy applies an insufficient stress to induce local yielding of the material. Under acoustic excitation, trapped bubbles can be driven into volumetric oscillations and apply an addnl. local strain and stress that can trigger yielding and assist their release. In this paper we explore different regimes of microbubble oscillation and translation driven by an ultrasound field in a model yield-stress fluid, a Carbopol microgel. We first analyze the linear bubble oscillation dynamics to measure the local, high-frequency viscosity of the material. We then use acoustic pressure gradients to induce bubble translation and examine the elastic part of the response of the material below yielding. We find that, at moderate pressure amplitude, the addnl. stresses applied by volumetric oscillations and acoustic radiation forces do not lead to any detectable irreversible bubble motion. At high pressure amplitude, we observe non-spherical shape oscillations that result in erratic bubble motion. The crit. pressures we observe differ from the predictions of a recent model of shape oscillations in soft solids. Based on our findings, we discuss possible reasons for the lack of bubble release in Carbopol and suggest other systems in which ultrasound-assisted bubble rise may be obsd.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXitVCrurfN&md5=826fead91bb039482f70199307d7e799

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Lanoy, M. ; Bretagne, A. ; Leroy, V. ; Tourin, A. A Phononic Crystal-Based High Frequency Rheometer. Crystals 2018, 8 , 195, DOI: 10.3390/cryst8050195

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159

A phononic crystal-based high frequency rheometer

Lanoy, Maxime; Bretagne, Alice; Leroy, Valentin; Tourin, Arnaud

Crystals (2018), 8 (5), 195/1-195/7CODEN: CRYSBC; ISSN:2073-4352. (MDPI AG)

Dynamic Mech. Anal. (DMA) allows for the measurement of the complex shear modulus of an elastomer. Measurements at frequencies above the frequency range of the device can be reached thanks to the Time-Temp. Equivalence principle. Yet, frequencies higher than a few kHz are not attainable. Here, we propose a method exploiting the physics of bubble phononic crystals to measure the complex shear modulus at frequencies of a few tens of kHz. The idea is to fabricate a phononic crystal by creating a period arrangement of bubbles in the elastomer of interest, here PolyDiMethylSiloxane (PDMS), and to measure its transmission against frequency. Fitting the results with an analytic model provides both the loss and storage moduli. Phys., the shear storage modulus drives the position of the dip obsd. in transmission while the loss modulus controls the damping, and thus the level of transmission. Using this method, we are able to compare the high-frequency rheol. properties of two com. PDMS and to monitor the ageing process.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhslOit7jN&md5=5bd009d3bb254bc0f914dbe360733954

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Neely, R. M. ; Piech, D. K. ; Santacruz, S. R. ; Maharbiz, M. M. ; Carmena, J. M. Recent Advances in Neural Dust: Towards a Neural Interface Platform. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2018, 50 , 64– 71, DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.12.010

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160

Recent advances in neural dust: towards a neural interface platform

Neely, Ryan M.; Piech, David K.; Santacruz, Samantha R.; Maharbiz, Michel M.; Carmena, Jose M.

Current Opinion in Neurobiology (2018), 50 (), 64-71CODEN: COPUEN; ISSN:0959-4388. (Elsevier Ltd.)

The neural dust platform uses ultrasonic power and communication to enable a scalable, wireless, and batteryless system for interfacing with the nervous system. Ultrasound offers several advantages over alternative wireless approaches, including a safe method for powering and communicating with sub mm-sized devices implanted deep in tissue. Early studies demonstrated that neural dust motes could wirelessly transmit high-fidelity electrophysiol. data in vivo, and that theor., this system could be miniaturized well below the mm-scale. Future developments are focused on further minimization of the platform, better encapsulation methods as a path towards truly chronic neural interfaces, improved delivery mechanisms, stimulation capabilities, and finally refinements to enable deployment of neural dust in the central nervous system.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXitVehurfI&md5=ff33db14a0e5fe602c12efdf22255cac

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Seo, D.; Carmena, J.; Rabaey, J.; Alon, E.; Maharbiz, M. Neural Dust: An Ultrasonic, Low Power Solution for Chronic Brain-Machine Interfaces. arXiv (Quantitative Biology. Neurons and Cognition), 2013, 1307.2196, ver. 1. https://arxiv.org/abs/1307.2196.

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Seo, D. ; Neely, R. M. ; Shen, K. ; Singhal, U. ; Alon, E. ; Rabaey, J. M. ; Carmena, J. M. ; Maharbiz, M. M. Wireless Recording in the Peripheral Nervous System with Ultrasonic Neural Dust. Neuron 2016, 91 , 529– 39, DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.06.034

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162

Wireless Recording in the Peripheral Nervous System with Ultrasonic Neural Dust

Seo, Dongjin; Neely, Ryan M.; Shen, Konlin; Singhal, Utkarsh; Alon, Elad; Rabaey, Jan M.; Carmena, Jose M.; Maharbiz, Michel M.

Neuron (2016), 91 (3), 529-539CODEN: NERNET; ISSN:0896-6273. (Cell Press)

The emerging field of bioelectronic medicine seeks methods for deciphering and modulating electrophysiol. activity in the body to attain therapeutic effects at target organs. Current approaches to interfacing with peripheral nerves and muscles rely heavily on wires, creating problems for chronic use, while emerging wireless approaches lack the size scalability necessary to interrogate small-diam. nerves. Furthermore, conventional electrode-based technologies lack the capability to record from nerves with high spatial resoln. or to record independently from many discrete sites within a nerve bundle. Here, we demonstrate neural dust, a wireless and scalable ultrasonic backscatter system for powering and communicating with implanted bioelectronics. We show that ultrasound is effective at delivering power to mm-scale devices in tissue; likewise, passive, battery-less communication using backscatter enables high-fidelity transmission of electromyogram (EMG) and electroneurogram (ENG) signals from anesthetized rats. These results highlight the potential for an ultrasound-based neural interface system for advancing future bioelectronics-based therapies.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtlSgt73P&md5=f85d56053a7a95f6fa604b90b1672ab1

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Shi, C. ; Andino-Pavlovsky, V. ; Lee, S. A. ; Costa, T. ; Elloian, J. ; Konofagou, E. E. ; Shepard, K. L. Application of a Sub-0.1-mm³ Implantable Mote for in Vivo Real-Time Wireless Temperature Sensing. Sci. Adv. 2021, 7 , eabf6312 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf6312

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Piech, D. K. ; Johnson, B. C. ; Shen, K. ; Ghanbari, M. M. ; Li, K. Y. ; Neely, R. M. ; Kay, J. E. ; Carmena, J. M. ; Maharbiz, M. M. ; Muller, R. A Wireless Millimetre-Scale Implantable Neural Stimulator with Ultrasonically Powered Bidirectional Communication. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2020, 4 , 207– 222, DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-0518-9

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164

A wireless millimetre-scale implantable neural stimulator with ultrasonically powered bidirectional communication

Piech David K; Shen Konlin; Carmena Jose M; Maharbiz Michel M; Muller Rikky; Piech David K; Shen Konlin; Carmena Jose M; Maharbiz Michel M; Muller Rikky; Johnson Benjamin C; Ghanbari M Meraj; Li Ka Yiu; Kay Joshua E; Carmena Jose M; Maharbiz Michel M; Muller Rikky; Johnson Benjamin C; Neely Ryan M; Carmena Jose M; Maharbiz Michel M; Maharbiz Michel M; Muller Rikky

Nature biomedical engineering (2020), 4 (2), 207-222 ISSN:.

Clinically approved neural stimulators are limited by battery requirements, as well as by their large size compared with the stimulation targets. Here, we describe a wireless, leadless and battery-free implantable neural stimulator that is 1.7 mm(3) and that incorporates a piezoceramic transducer, an energy-storage capacitor and an integrated circuit. An ultrasonic link and a hand-held external transceiver provide the stimulator with power and bidirectional communication. The stimulation protocols were wirelessly encoded on the fly, reducing power consumption and on-chip memory, and enabling protocol complexity with a high temporal resolution and low-latency feedback. Uplink data indicating whether stimulation occurs are encoded by the stimulator through backscatter modulation and are demodulated at the external transceiver. When embedded in ex vivo porcine tissue, the integrated circuit efficiently harvested ultrasonic power, decoded downlink data for the stimulation parameters and generated current-controlled stimulation pulses. When cuff-mounted and acutely implanted onto the sciatic nerve of anaesthetized rats, the device conferred repeatable stimulation across a range of physiological responses. The miniaturized neural stimulator may facilitate closed-loop neurostimulation for therapeutic interventions.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB387jvFWgsQ%253D%253D&md5=cb05da6596650f84397506c07cce97a2

165

Voigt, J.-U. Ultrasound Molecular Imaging. Methods 2009, 48 , 92– 97, DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.03.011

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165

Ultrasound molecular imaging

Voigt, Jens-Uwe

Methods (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2009), 48 (2), 92-97CODEN: MTHDE9; ISSN:1046-2023. (Elsevier B.V.)

A review. Ultrasound mol. imaging is based on the specific acoustic properties of acoustically active, gas-filled microbubbles (ultrasound contrast agents), which can be sensitively imaged with regular ultrasound methods. Modulating shell properties or binding specific probes to the microbubbles allows to target them to histol. structures of interest. Due to the size and mode of delivery, microbubbles can mainly target intravascular epitopes. Fortunately, most disease processes result in the expression of such markers on local endothelium of the tissue microvasculature, allowing its targeted contrast ultrasound imaging. Ultrasound mol. imaging is an easy to use and cheap technique which can be made widely available. It is highly sensitive and offers a better spatial and temporal resoln. compared to other, in particular nuclear mol. imaging techniques. Specific microbubble properties allow mech. interaction with the surrounding tissue once the bubble is insonated. This raises safety concerns but bears also potential for therapeutic applications of this technique. The following article reviews the acoustic properties of ultrasound contrast agents and the imaging methods for their detection and quantification. Current concepts of microbubble targeting are discussed and exptl. and clin. applications presented.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXmvFymtbk%253D&md5=ba1f797ed651a00828bc529ac3726480

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Jafari Sojahrood, A. ; de Leon, A. C. ; Lee, R. ; Cooley, M. ; Abenojar, E. C. ; Kolios, M. C. ; Exner, A. A. Toward Precisely Controllable Acoustic Response of Shell-Stabilized Nanobubbles: High Yield and Narrow Dispersity. ACS Nano 2021, 15 , 4901– 4915, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09701

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166

Controllable acoustic response of shell-stabilized nanobubbles: High yield and narrow dispersity

Jafari Sojahrood, Amin; de Leon, Al C.; Lee, Richard; Cooley, Michaela; Abenojar, Eric C.; Kolios, Michael C.; Exner, Agata A.

ACS Nano (2021), 15 (3), 4901-4915CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)

Understanding the pressure dependence of the nonlinear behavior of ultrasonically excited phospholipid-stabilized nanobubbles (NBs) is important for optimizing ultrasound exposure parameters for implementations of contrast enhanced ultrasound, crit. to mol. imaging. The viscoelastic properties of the shell can be controlled by the introduction of membrane additives, such as propylene glycol as a membrane softener or glycerol as a membrane stiffener. We report on the prodn. of high-yield NBs with narrow dispersity and different shell properties. Through precise control over size and shell structure, we show how these shell components interact with the phospholipid membrane, change their structure, affect their viscoelastic properties, and consequently change their acoustic response. A two-photon microscopy technique through a polarity-sensitive fluorescent dye, C-laurdan, was utilized to gain insights on the effect of membrane additives to the membrane structure. We report how the shell stiffness of NBs affects the pressure threshold (Pt) for the sudden amplification in the scattered acoustic signal from NBs. For narrow size NBs with 200 nm mean size, we find Pt to be between 123 and 245 kPa for the NBs with the most flexible membrane as assessed using C-Laurdan, 465-588 kPa for the NBs with intermediate stiffness, and 588-710 kPa for the NBs with stiff membranes. Numerical simulations of the NB dynamics are in good agreement with the exptl. observations, confirming the dependence of acoustic response to shell properties, thereby substantiating further the development in engineering the shell of ultrasound contrast agents. The viscoelastic-dependent threshold behavior can be utilized for significantly and selectively enhancing the diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound applications of potent narrow size NBs.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXlvVejtr0%253D&md5=b37bd28315b853af7672d9a357d93e03

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Shapiro, M. G. ; Goodwill, P. W. ; Neogy, A. ; Yin, M. ; Foster, F. S. ; Schaffer, D. V. ; Conolly, S. M. Biogenic Gas Nanostructures as Ultrasonic Molecular Reporters. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2014, 9 , 311– 316, DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.32

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167

Biogenic gas nanostructures as ultrasonic molecular reporters

Shapiro, Mikhail G.; Goodwill, Patrick W.; Neogy, Arkosnato; Yin, Melissa; Foster, F. Stuart; Schaffer, David V.; Conolly, Steven M.

Nature Nanotechnology (2014), 9 (4), 311-316CODEN: NNAABX; ISSN:1748-3387. (Nature Publishing Group)

Ultrasound is among the most widely used non-invasive imaging modalities in biomedicine, but plays a surprisingly small role in mol. imaging due to a lack of suitable mol. reporters on the nanoscale. Here, we introduce a new class of reporters for ultrasound based on genetically encoded gas nanostructures from microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Gas vesicles are gas-filled protein-shelled compartments with typical widths of 45-250 nm and lengths of 100-600 nm that exclude water and are permeable to gas. We show that gas vesicles produce stable ultrasound contrast that is readily detected in vitro and in vivo, that their genetically encoded phys. properties enable multiple modes of imaging, and that contrast enhancement through aggregation permits their use as mol. biosensors.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXktlGlur4%253D&md5=cb6248b5442513fee6e22acec36eff9c

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Pfeifer, F. Distribution, Formation and Regulation of Gas Vesicles. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2012, 10 , 705– 715, DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2834

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168

Distribution, formation and regulation of gas vesicles

Pfeifer, Felicitas

Nature Reviews Microbiology (2012), 10 (10), 705-715CODEN: NRMACK; ISSN:1740-1526. (Nature Publishing Group)

A review. A range of bacteria and archaea produce intracellular gas-filled proteinaceous structures that function as flotation devices in order to maintain a suitable depth in the aq. environment. The wall of these gas vesicles is freely permeable to gas mols. and is composed of a small hydrophobic protein, GvpA, which forms a single-layer wall. In addn., several minor structural, accessory or regulatory proteins are required for gas vesicle formation. In different organisms, 8-14 genes encoding gas vesicle proteins have been identified, and their expression has been shown to be regulated by environmental factors. In this Review, I describe the basic properties of gas vesicles, the genes that encode them and how their prodn. is regulated. I also discuss the function of these vesicles and the initial attempts to exploit them for biotechnol. purposes.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xht12js7bL&md5=9b50a39c759aa89b1d34134b4f77b273

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Bourdeau, R. W. ; Lee-Gosselin, A. ; Lakshmanan, A. ; Farhadi, A. ; Kumar, S. R. ; Nety, S. P. ; Shapiro, M. G. Acoustic Reporter Genes for Noninvasive Imaging of Microorganisms in Mammalian Hosts. Nature 2018, 553 , 86– 90, DOI: 10.1038/nature25021

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

169

Acoustic reporter genes for noninvasive imaging of microorganisms in mammalian hosts

Bourdeau, Raymond W.; Lee-Gosselin, Audrey; Lakshmanan, Anupama; Farhadi, Arash; Kumar, Sripriya Ravindra; Nety, Suchita P.; Shapiro, Mikhail G.

Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2018), 553 (7686), 86-90CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Research)

The mammalian microbiome has many important roles in health and disease, and genetic engineering is enabling the development of microbial therapeutics and diagnostics. A key determinant of the activity of both natural and engineered microorganisms in vivo is their location within the host organism. However, existing methods for imaging cellular location and function, primarily based on optical reporter genes, have limited deep tissue performance owing to light scattering or require radioactive tracers. Here we introduce acoustic reporter genes, which are genetic constructs that allow bacterial gene expression to be visualized in vivo using ultrasound, a widely available inexpensive technique with deep tissue penetration and high spatial resoln. These constructs are based on gas vesicles, a unique class of gas-filled protein nanostructures that are expressed primarily in water-dwelling photosynthetic organisms as a means to regulate buoyancy. Heterologous expression of engineered gene clusters encoding gas vesicles allows Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium to be imaged noninvasively at volumetric densities below 0.01% with a resoln. of less than 100 μm. We demonstrate the imaging of engineered cells in vivo in proof-of-concept models of gastrointestinal and tumor localization, and develop acoustically distinct reporters that enable multiplexed imaging of cellular populations. This technol. equips microbial cells with a means to be visualized deep inside mammalian hosts, facilitating the study of the mammalian microbiome and the development of diagnostic and therapeutic cellular agents.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXjsVOrtg%253D%253D&md5=bc55672d030a92066164404260691392

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Lakshmanan, A. ; Jin, Z. ; Nety, S. P. ; Sawyer, D. P. ; Lee-Gosselin, A. ; Malounda, D. ; Swift, M. B. ; Maresca, D. ; Shapiro, M. G. Acoustic Biosensors for Ultrasound Imaging of Enzyme Activity. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2020, 16 , 988– 996, DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0591-0

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

170

Acoustic biosensors for ultrasound imaging of enzyme activity

Lakshmanan, Anupama; Jin, Zhiyang; Nety, Suchita P.; Sawyer, Daniel P.; Lee-Gosselin, Audrey; Malounda, Dina; Swift, Mararet B.; Maresca, David; Shapiro, Mikhail G.

Nature Chemical Biology (2020), 16 (9), 988-996CODEN: NCBABT; ISSN:1552-4450. (Nature Research)

Visualizing biomol. and cellular processes inside intact living organisms is a major goal of chem. biol. However, existing mol. biosensors, based primarily on fluorescent emission, have limited utility in this context due to the scattering of light by tissue. In contrast, ultrasound can easily image deep tissue with high spatiotemporal resoln., but lacks the biosensors needed to connect its contrast to the activity of specific biomols. such as enzymes. To overcome this limitation, the authors introduce the first genetically encodable acoustic biosensors-mols. that 'light up' in ultrasound imaging in response to protease activity. These biosensors are based on a unique class of air-filled protein nanostructures called gas vesicles, which the authors engineered to produce nonlinear ultrasound signals in response to the activity of three different protease enzymes. The authors demonstrate the ability of these biosensors to be imaged in vitro, inside engineered probiotic bacteria, and in vivo in the mouse gastrointestinal tract.

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171

Lakshmanan, A. ; Farhadi, A. ; Nety, S. P. ; Lee-Gosselin, A. ; Bourdeau, R. W. ; Maresca, D. ; Shapiro, M. G. Molecular Engineering of Acoustic Protein Nanostructures. ACS Nano 2016, 10 , 7314– 7322, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03364

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

171

Molecular Engineering of Acoustic Protein Nanostructures

Lakshmanan, Anupama; Farhadi, Arash; Nety, Suchita P.; Lee-Gosselin, Audrey; Bourdeau, Raymond W.; Maresca, David; Shapiro, Mikhail G.

ACS Nano (2016), 10 (8), 7314-7322CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)

Ultrasound is among the most widely used biomedical imaging modalities, but has limited ability to image specific mol. targets due to the lack of suitable nanoscale contrast agents. Gas vesicles, genetically encoded protein nanostructures isolated from buoyant photosynthetic microbes, have recently been identified as nanoscale reporters for ultrasound. Their unique phys. properties give gas vesicles significant advantages over conventional microbubble contrast agents, including nanoscale dimensions and inherent phys. stability. Furthermore, as a genetically encoded material, gas vesicles present the possibility that the nanoscale mech., acoustic, and targeting properties of an imaging agent can be engineered at the level of its constituent proteins. Here, genetic engineering of gas vesicles results in nanostructures with new mech., acoustic, surface, and functional properties to enable harmonic, multiplexed, and multimodal ultrasound imaging as well as cell-specific mol. targeting. These results establish a biomol. platform for the engineering of acoustic nanomaterials.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtVymtrzI&md5=74f1b7713d38c174a6004610a9ec38cb

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Maresca, D. ; Lakshmanan, A. ; Lee-Gosselin, A. ; Melis, J. M. ; Ni, Y.-L. ; Bourdeau, R. W. ; Kochmann, D. M. ; Shapiro, M. G. Nonlinear Ultrasound Imaging of Nanoscale Acoustic Biomolecules. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2017, 110 , 073704, DOI: 10.1063/1.4976105

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172

Nonlinear ultrasound imaging of nanoscale acoustic biomolecules

Maresca, David; Lakshmanan, Anupama; Lee-Gosselin, Audrey; Melis, Johan M.; Ni, Yu-Li; Bourdeau, Raymond W.; Kochmann, Dennis M.; Shapiro, Mikhail G.

Applied Physics Letters (2017), 110 (7), 073704/1-073704/5CODEN: APPLAB; ISSN:0003-6951. (American Institute of Physics)

Ultrasound imaging is widely used to probe the mech. structure of tissues and visualize blood flow. However, the ability of ultrasound to observe specific mol. and cellular signals is limited. Recently, a unique class of gas-filled protein nanostructures called gas vesicles (GVs) was introduced as nanoscale (∼250 nm) contrast agents for ultrasound, accompanied by the possibilities of genetic engineering, imaging of targets outside the vasculature and monitoring of cellular signals such as gene expression. These possibilities would be aided by methods to discriminate GV-generated ultrasound signals from anatomical background. Here, we show that the nonlinear response of engineered GVs to acoustic pressure enables selective imaging of these nanostructures using a tailored amplitude modulation strategy. Finite element modeling predicted a strongly nonlinear mech. deformation and acoustic response to ultrasound in engineered GVs. This response was confirmed with ultrasound measurements in the range of 10 to 25 MHz. An amplitude modulation pulse sequence based on this nonlinear response allows engineered GVs to be distinguished from linear scatterers and other GV types with a contrast ratio greater than 11.5 dB. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this nonlinear imaging strategy in vitro, in cellulo, and in vivo. (c) 2017 American Institute of Physics.

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Maresca, D. ; Sawyer, D. P. ; Renaud, G. ; Lee-Gosselin, A. ; Shapiro, M. G. Nonlinear X-Wave Ultrasound Imaging of Acoustic Biomolecules. Phys. Rev. X 2018, 8 , 041002, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.8.041002

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173

Nonlinear X-Wave Ultrasound Imaging of Acoustic Biomolecules

Maresca, David; Sawyer, Daniel P.; Renaud, Guillaume; Lee-Gosselin, Audrey; Shapiro, Mikhail G.

Physical Review X (2018), 8 (4), 041002CODEN: PRXHAE; ISSN:2160-3308. (American Physical Society)

A review. Acoustical methods for in vivo detection of GVs are now required to maximize impact of this technol. in biol. and medicine. To address this issue, we present imaging paradigm, cross-amplitude modulation (xAM), which relies on cross-propagating plane-wave transmissions of finite aperture X waves to achieve quasi-artifact-free in vivo imaging of GVs. The xAM method derives from counterpropagating wave interaction theory, which predicts that, in media exhibiting quadratic elastic nonlinearity like biol. tissue, nonlinear interaction of counterpropagating acoustic waves is inefficient. By transmitting cross-propagating plane waves, we minimize cumulative nonlinear interaction effects due to collinear wave propagation while generating transient wave-amplitude modulation at two plane waves' intersection. In both simulations and expts., we show that residual xAM nonlinearity due to wave propagation decreases as plane-wave cross-propagation angle increases. We demonstrate in tissue-mimicking phantoms that imaging artifacts distal to GV inclusions decrease as plane-wave cross-propagation angle opens, nearing complete extinction at angles above 16.5 degrees. Finally, we demonstrate that xAM enables highly specific in vivo imaging of GVs located in gastrointestinal tract, a target of prime interest for future cellular imaging. These results advance phys. facet of the emerging field of biomol. ultrasound and are also relevant to synthetic ultrasound contrast agents.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXltV2qtbs%253D&md5=0d7487e315cb3a84789034f890b4463a

174

Walsby, A. E. The Pressure Relationships of Gas Vacuoles. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 1971, 178 , 301– 326, DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1971.0067

175

Walsby, A. E. Gas vesicles. Microbiol. Rev. 1994, 58 , 94– 144, DOI: 10.1128/mr.58.1.94-144.1994

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175

Gas vesicles

Walsby, Anthony E.

Microbiological Reviews (1994), 58 (1), 94-144CODEN: MBRED3; ISSN:0146-0749.

A review, with 281 refs., on various aspects of gas vesicles in bacteria, such as mol. studies on gas vesicle proteins, cryst. structure of the gas vesicle wall, and morphol. and phys. properties of gas vesicles, etc.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK2cXmsFSltLk%253D&md5=96ba3699f7053b48e1d57612bf2cb93d

176

Cherin, E. ; Melis, J. M. ; Bourdeau, R. W. ; Yin, M. ; Kochmann, D. M. ; Foster, F. S. ; Shapiro, M. G. Acoustic Behavior of Halobacterium Salinarum Gas Vesicles in the High-Frequency Range: Experiments and Modeling. Ultrasound Med. Bio. 2017, 43 , 1016– 1030, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.12.020

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176

Acoustic Behavior of Halobacterium salinarum Gas Vesicles in the High-Frequency Range: Experiments and Modeling

Cherin Emmanuel; Melis Johan M; Bourdeau Raymond W; Shapiro Mikhail G; Yin Melissa; Kochmann Dennis M; Foster F Stuart

Ultrasound in medicine & biology (2017), 43 (5), 1016-1030 ISSN:.

Gas vesicles (GVs) are a new and unique class of biologically derived ultrasound contrast agents with sub-micron size whose acoustic properties have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the acoustic collapse pressure and behavior of Halobacterium salinarum gas vesicles at transmit center frequencies ranging from 12.5 to 27.5 MHz. The acoustic collapse pressure was found to be above 550 kPa at all frequencies, nine-fold higher than the critical pressure observed under hydrostatic conditions. We illustrate that gas vesicles behave non-linearly when exposed to ultrasound at incident pressure ranging from 160 kPa to the collapse pressure and generate second harmonic amplitudes of -2 to -6 dB below the fundamental in media with viscosities ranging from 0.89 to 8 mPa·s. Simulations performed using a Rayleigh-Plesset-type model accounting for buckling and a dynamic finite-element analysis suggest that buckling is the mechanism behind the generation of harmonics. We found good agreement between the level of second harmonic relative to the fundamental measured at 20 MHz and the Rayleigh-Plesset model predictions. Finite-element simulations extended these findings to a non-spherical geometry, confirmed that the acoustic buckling pressure corresponds to the critical pressure under hydrostatic conditions and support the hypothesis of limited gas flow across the GV shell during the compression phase in the frequency range investigated. From simulations, estimates of GV bandwidth-limited scattering indicate that a single GV has a scattering cross section comparable to that of a red blood cell. These findings will inform the development of GV-based contrast agents and pulse sequences to optimize their detection with ultrasound.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1czisleguw%253D%253D&md5=2688d2d2858b9018d032b377414a4768

177

Yang, H. ; Jiang, F. ; Ji, X. ; Wang, L. ; Wang, Y. ; Zhang, L. ; Tang, Y. ; Wang, D. ; Luo, Y. ; Li, N. Genetically Engineered Bacterial Protein Nanoparticles for Targeted Cancer Therapy. Int. J. Nanomed. 2021, 16 , 105, DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S292432

178

Farhadi, A. ; Ho, G. H. ; Sawyer, D. P. ; Bourdeau, R. W. ; Shapiro, M. G. Ultrasound Imaging of Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells. Science 2019, 365 , 1469– 1475, DOI: 10.1126/science.aax4804

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

178

Ultrasound imaging of gene expression in mammalian cells

Farhadi, Arash; Ho, Gabrielle H.; Sawyer, Daniel P.; Bourdeau, Raymond W.; Shapiro, Mikhail G.

Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2019), 365 (6460), 1469-1475CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:1095-9203. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)

The study of cellular processes occurring inside intact organisms requires methods to visualize cellular functions such as gene expression in deep tissues. Ultrasound is a widely used biomedical technol. enabling noninvasive imaging with high spatial and temporal resoln. However, no genetically encoded mol. reporters are available to connect ultrasound contrast to gene expression in mammalian cells. To address this limitation, we introduce mammalian acoustic reporter genes. Starting with a gene cluster derived from bacteria, we engineered a eukaryotic genetic program whose introduction into mammalian cells results in the expression of intracellular air-filled protein nanostructures called gas vesicles, which produce ultrasound contrast. Mammalian acoustic reporter genes allow cells to be visualized at volumetric densities below 0.5% and permit high-resoln. imaging of gene expression in living animals.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhvVOit7rF&md5=d0a5e2cb018249688f9b5c9339374dae

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Rabut, C. ; Yoo, S. ; Hurt, R. C. ; Jin, Z. ; Li, H. ; Guo, H. ; Ling, B. ; Shapiro, M. G. Ultrasound Technologies for Imaging and Modulating Neural Activity. Neuron 2020, 108 , 93– 110, DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.003

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179

Ultrasound Technologies for Imaging and Modulating Neural Activity

Rabut, Claire; Yoo, Sangjin; Hurt, Robert C.; Jin, Zhiyang; Li, Hongyi; Guo, Hongsun; Ling, Bill; Shapiro, Mikhail G.

Neuron (2020), 108 (1), 93-110CODEN: NERNET; ISSN:0896-6273. (Cell Press)

A review. Visualizing and perturbing neural activity on a brain-wide scale in model animals and humans is a major goal of neuroscience technol. development. Established elec. and optical techniques typically break down at this scale due to inherent phys. limitations. In contrast, ultrasound readily permeates the brain, and in some cases the skull, and interacts with tissue with a fundamental resoln. on the order of 100μm and 1 ms. This basic ability has motivated major efforts to harness ultrasound as a modality for large-scale brain imaging and modulation. These efforts have resulted in already-useful neuroscience tools, including high-resoln. hemodynamic functional imaging, focused ultrasound neuromodulation, and local drug delivery. Furthermore, recent breakthroughs promise to connect ultrasound to neurons at the genetic level for biomol. imaging and sonogenetic control. In this article, we review the state of the art and ongoing developments in ultrasonic neurotechnol., building from fundamental principles to current utility, open questions, and future potential.

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Pitt, W. G. ; Husseini, G. A. ; Staples, B. J. Ultrasonic Drug Delivery–A General Review. Expert Opin. Drug Delivery 2004, 1 , 37– 56, DOI: 10.1517/17425247.1.1.37

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180

Ultrasonic drug delivery - a general review

Pitt, William G.; Husseini, Ghaleb A.; Staples, Bryant

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery (2004), 1 (1), 37-56CODEN: EODDAW; ISSN:1742-5247. (Ashley Publications Ltd.)

A review and discussion. Ultrasound has an ever-increasing role in the delivery of therapeutic agents, including genetic material, protein and chemotherapeutic agents. Cavitating gas bodies, such as microbubbles, are the mediators through which the energy of relatively non-interactive pressure waves is concd. to produce forces that permeabilize cell membranes and disrupt the vesicles that carry drugs. Thus, the presence of microbubbles enormously enhances ultrasonic delivery of genetic material, proteins and smaller chem. agents. Numerous reports show that the most efficient delivery of genetic material occurs in the presence of cavitating microbubbles. Attaching the DNA directly to the microbubbles, or to gas-contg. liposomes, enhances gene uptake even further. Ultrasonic-enhanced gene delivery has been studied in various tissues, including cardiac, vascular, skeletal muscle, tumor and even fetal tissue. Ultrasonic-assisted delivery of proteins has found most application in transdermal transport of insulin. Cavitation events reversibly disrupt the structure of the stratus corneum to allow transport of these large mols. Other hormones and small proteins could also be delivered transdermally. Small chemotherapeutic mols. are delivered in research settings from micelles and liposomes exposed to ultrasound. Cavitation appears to play two roles: it disrupts the structure of the carrier vesicle and releases the drug; and makes cell membranes and capillaries more permeable to drugs. There remains a need to better understand the physics of cavitation of microbubbles and the impact that such cavitation has on cells and drug-carrying vesicles.

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Sirsi, S. R. ; Borden, M. A. State-of-the-Art Materials for Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2014, 72 , 3– 14, DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.12.010

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181

State-of-the-art materials for ultrasound-triggered drug delivery

Sirsi, Shashank R.; Borden, Mark A.

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (2014), 72 (), 3-14CODEN: ADDREP; ISSN:0169-409X. (Elsevier B.V.)

Ultrasound is a unique and exciting theranostic modality that can be used to track drug carriers, trigger drug release and improve drug deposition with high spatial precision. In this review, we briefly describe the mechanisms of interaction between drug carriers and ultrasound waves, including cavitation, streaming and hyperthermia, and how those interactions can promote drug release and tissue uptake. We then discuss the rational design of some state-of-the-art materials for ultrasound-triggered drug delivery and review recent progress for each drug carrier, focusing on the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin. These materials include nanocarrier formulations, such as liposomes and micelles, designed specifically for ultrasound-triggered drug release, as well as microbubbles, microbubble-nanocarrier hybrids, microbubble-seeded hydrogels and phase-change agents.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhtFSjt7g%253D&md5=13c55a44688513d5a65b583fd9de6005

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Hernot, S. ; Klibanov, A. L. Microbubbles in Ultrasound-Triggered Drug and Gene Delivery. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2008, 60 , 1153– 1166, DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.03.005

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182

Microbubbles in ultrasound-triggered drug and gene delivery

Hernot, Sophie; Klibanov, Alexander L.

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (2008), 60 (10), 1153-1166CODEN: ADDREP; ISSN:0169-409X. (Elsevier B.V.)

A review. Ultrasound contrast agents, in the form of gas-filled microbubbles, are becoming popular in perfusion monitoring; they are employed as mol. imaging agents. Microbubbles are manufd. from biocompatible materials, they can be injected i.v., and some are approved for clin. use. Microbubbles can be destroyed by ultrasound irradn. This destruction phenomenon can be applied to targeted drug delivery and enhancement of drug action. The ultrasonic field can be focused at the target tissues and organs; thus, selectivity of the treatment can be improved, reducing undesirable side effects. Microbubbles enhance ultrasound energy deposition in the tissues and serve as cavitation nuclei, increasing intracellular drug delivery. DNA delivery and successful tissue transfection are obsd. in the areas of the body where ultrasound is applied after intravascular administration of microbubbles and plasmid DNA. Accelerated blood clot dissoln. in the areas of insonation by cooperative action of thrombolytic agents and microbubbles is demonstrated in several clin. trials.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXmsFKrtLg%253D&md5=c1884f7459f4e708683b485c0a3cfd00

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Stride, E. ; Segers, T. ; Lajoinie, G. ; Cherkaoui, S. ; Bettinger, T. ; Versluis, M. ; Borden, M. Microbubble Agents: New Directions. Ultrasound Med. Bio. 2020, 46 , 1326– 1343, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.01.027

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183

Microbubble Agents: New Directions

Stride Eleanor; Segers Tim; Lajoinie Guillaume; Versluis Michel; Cherkaoui Samir; Bettinger Thierry; Borden Mark

Ultrasound in medicine & biology (2020), 46 (6), 1326-1343 ISSN:.

Microbubble ultrasound contrast agents have now been in use for several decades and their safety and efficacy in a wide range of diagnostic applications have been well established. Recent progress in imaging technology is facilitating exciting developments in techniques such as molecular, 3-D and super resolution imaging and new agents are now being developed to meet their specific requirements. In parallel, there have been significant advances in the therapeutic applications of microbubbles, with recent clinical trials demonstrating drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier and into solid tumours. New agents are similarly being tailored toward these applications, including nanoscale microbubble precursors offering superior circulation times and tissue penetration. The development of novel agents does, however, present several challenges, particularly regarding the regulatory framework. This article reviews the developments in agents for diagnostic, therapeutic and "theranostic" applications; novel manufacturing techniques; and the opportunities and challenges for their commercial and clinical translation.

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Wei, P. ; Cornel, E. J. ; Du, J. Ultrasound-Responsive Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems. Drug Delivery Transl. Res. 2021, 11 , 1323– 1339, DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00963-0

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184

Ultrasound-responsive polymer-based drug delivery systems

Wei, Ping; Cornel, Erik Jan; Du, Jianzhong

Drug Delivery and Translational Research (2021), 11 (4), 1323-1339CODEN: DDTRCY; ISSN:2190-3948. (Springer)

Abstr.: Ultrasound-responsive polymeric materials have received a tremendous amt. of attention from scientists for several decades. Compared to other stimuli-responsive materials (such as UV-, thermal-, and pH-responsive materials), these smart materials are more applicable since they allow more efficient drug delivery and targeted treatment by fairly non-invasive means. This review describes the recent advances of such ultrasound-responsive polymer-based drug delivery systems and illustrates various applications. More specifically, the mechanism of ultrasound-induced drug delivery, typical formulations, and biomedical applications (tumor therapy, disruption of blood-brain barrier, fighting infectious diseases, transdermal drug delivery, and enhanced thrombolysis) are summarized. Finally, a perspective on the future research directions for the development of ultrasound-responsive polymeric materials to facilitate a clin. translation is given.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXht1WrtbfJ&md5=83f9020211d7245a8ccc96fad09366ec

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Awad, N. S. ; Paul, V. ; AlSawaftah, N. M. ; Ter Haar, G. ; Allen, T. M. ; Pitt, W. G. ; Husseini, G. A. Ultrasound-Responsive Nanocarriers in Cancer Treatment: A Review. ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci. 2021, 4 , 589– 612, DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00212

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185

Ultrasound-Responsive Nanocarriers in Cancer Treatment: A Review

Awad, Nahid S.; Paul, Vinod; AlSawaftah, Nour M.; ter Haar, Gail; Allen, Theresa M.; Pitt, William G.; Husseini, Ghaleb A.

ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science (2021), 4 (2), 589-612CODEN: APTSFN; ISSN:2575-9108. (American Chemical Society)

The safe and effective delivery of anticancer agents to diseased tissues is one of the significant challenges in cancer therapy. Conventional anticancer agents are generally cytotoxins with poor pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. Nanocarriers are nanosized particles designed for the selectivity of anticancer drugs and gene transport to tumors. They are small enough to extravasate into solid tumors, where they slowly release their therapeutic load by passive leakage or biodegrdn. Using smart nanocarriers, the rate of release of the entrapped therapeutic(s) can be increased, and greater exposure of the tumor cells to the therapeutics can be achieved when the nanocarriers are exposed to certain internally (enzymes, pH, and temp.) or externally (light, magnetic field, and ultrasound) applied stimuli that trigger the release of their load in a safe and controlled manner, spatially and temporally. This review gives a comprehensive overview of recent research findings on the different types of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers and their application in cancer treatment with a particular focus on ultrasound.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXlsVCjs7s%253D&md5=b4a9760ead5ee2a6a38afe535c34d160

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Lentacker, I. ; De Smedt, S. C. ; Sanders, N. N. Drug Loaded Microbubble Design for Ultrasound Triggered Delivery. Soft Matter 2009, 5 , 2161– 2170, DOI: 10.1039/b823051j

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186

Drug loaded microbubble design for ultrasound triggered delivery

Lentacker, Ine; De Smedt, Stefaan C.; Sanders, Niek N.

Soft Matter (2009), 5 (11), 2161-2170CODEN: SMOABF; ISSN:1744-683X. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

A review. Ultrasound imaging is widely used in both diagnosis of diseases and pregnancy follow-up. As ultrasound imaging is a harmless, cheap and portable technique, ultrasound guided drug delivery is gaining more and more attention in the drug delivery field. To be effective, in most cases, ultrasonic drug delivery makes use of microbubbles. This highlight describes why it is attractive to load the microbubbles with drugs and discusses recent attempts made in the design of drug loaded microbubbles.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXmtlChsrY%253D&md5=3374b74ebc39101b73377cced9f3e3bc

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Sirsi, S. ; Borden, M. Microbubble compositions, properties and biomedical applications. Bubble Sci., Eng., Technol. 2009, 1 , 3– 17, DOI: 10.1179/175889709X446507

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187

Microbubble compositions, properties and biomedical applications

Sirsi, S. R.; Borden, M. A.

Bubble Science, Engineering, and Technology (2009), 1 (1-2), 3-17CODEN: BSETCE; ISSN:1758-8960. (Maney Publishing)

A review. Over the last decade, there has been a significant progress towards the development of microbubbles as theranostics for a wide variety of biomedical applications. The unique ability of microbubbles to respond to ultrasound makes them useful agents for contrast ultrasound imaging, mol. imaging, and targeted drug and gene delivery. The general compn. of a microbubble is a gas core stabilized by a shell comprised of proteins, lipids or polymers. Each type of microbubble has its own unique advantages and can be tailored for specialised functions. In this review, different microbubbles compns. and physiochem. properties are discussed in the context of current progress towards developing novel constructs for biomedical applications, with specific emphasis on mol. imaging and targeted drug/gene delivery.

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188

Umemura, S.-i. ; Yumita, N. ; Nishigaki, R. ; Umemura, K. Mechanism of Cell Damage by Ultrasound in Combination with Hematoporphyrin. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1990, 81 , 962– 966, DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1990.tb02674.x

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188

Mechanism of cell damage by ultrasound in combination with hematoporphyrin

Umemura, Shinichiro; Yumita, Nagahiko; Nishigaki, Ryuichiro; Umemura, Koshiro

Japanese Journal of Cancer Research (1990), 81 (9), 962-6CODEN: JJCREP; ISSN:0910-5050.

The mechanism of cell damage by ultrasound in combination with hematoporphyrin was studied. Mouse sarcoma 180 cell suspensions were exposed to ultrasound for up to 60 s in the presence and absence of hematoporphyrin, with and without active O scavengers. The cell damage enhancement by hematoporphyrin was suppressed by adding histidine but not by mannitol. The enhancement was doubled in rate by substitution of deuterium oxide medium for normal water. Sonoluminescence was produced in a saline soln. under similar acoustic conditions and obsd. to have spectral components that can excite hematoporphyrin mols. These results suggest that cell damage enhancement is probably mediated via singlet O generated by ultrasonically activated hematoporphyrin.

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189

Carlisle, R. ; Choi, J. ; Bazan-Peregrino, M. ; Laga, R. ; Subr, V. ; Kostka, L. ; Ulbrich, K. ; Coussios, C.-C. ; Seymour, L. W. Enhanced Tumor Uptake and Penetration of Virotherapy Using Polymer Stealthing and Focused Ultrasound. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2013, 105 , 1701– 1710, DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt305

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189

Enhanced Tumor Uptake and Penetration of Virotherapy Using Polymer Stealthing and Focused Ultrasound

Carlisle, Robert; Choi, James; Bazan-Peregrino, Miriam; Laga, Richard; Subr, Vladimir; Kostka, Libor; Ulbrich, Karel; Coussios, Constantin-C.; Seymour, Leonard W.

Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2013), 105 (22), 1701-1710CODEN: JNCIEQ; ISSN:0027-8874. (Oxford University Press)

Background: Oncolytic viruses are among the most powerful and selective cancer therapeutics under development and are showing robust activity in clin. trials, particularly when administered directly into tumor nodules. However, their i.v. administration to treat metastatic disease has been stymied by unfavorable pharmacokinetics and inefficient accumulation in and penetration through tumors. Methods: Adenovirus (Ad) was "stealthed" with a new N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide polymer, and circulation kinetics were characterized in Balb/C SCID mice (n = 8 per group) bearing human ZR-75-1 xenograft tumors. Then, to noninvasively increase extravasation of the circulating polymer-coated Ad into the tumor, it was coinjected with gas microbubbles and the tumor was exposed to 0.5 MHz focused ultrasound at peak rarefactional pressure of 1.2MPa. These ultrasound exposure conditions were designed to trigger inertial cavitation, an acoustic phenomenon that produces shock waves and can be remotely monitored in real-time. Groups were compared with Student t test or one-way anal. of variance with Tukey correction where groups were greater than two. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Polymer-coating of Ad reduced hepatic sequestration, infection (>8000-fold; P < .001), and toxicity and improved circulation half-life (>50-fold; P = .001). Combination of polymer-coated Ad, gas bubbles, and focused ultrasound enhanced tumor infection >30-fold; (4×106 photons/s/cm2; std. deviation = 3×106 with ultrasound vs 1.3×105; std. deviation = 1×105 without ultrasound; P = .03) and penetration, enabling kill of cells more than 100 μ from the nearest blood vessel. This led to substantial and statistically significant retardation of tumor growth and increased survival. Conclusions: Combining drug stealthing and ultrasound-induced cavitation may ultimately enhance the efficacy of a range of powerful therapeutics, thereby improving the treatment of metastatic cancer.

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Arvanitis, C. D. ; Bazan-Peregrino, M. ; Rifai, B. ; Seymour, L. W. ; Coussios, C. C. Cavitation-Enhanced Extravasation for Drug Delivery. Ultrasound Med. Bio. 2011, 37 , 1838– 1852, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.08.004

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190

Cavitation-enhanced extravasation for drug delivery

Arvanitis Costas D; Bazan-Peregrino Miriam; Rifai Bassel; Seymour Leonard W; Coussios Constantin C

Ultrasound in medicine & biology (2011), 37 (11), 1838-52 ISSN:.

A flow-through tissue-mimicking phantom composed of a biocompatible hydro-gel with embedded tumour cells was used to assess and optimize the role of ultrasound-induced cavitation on the extravasation of a macromolecular compound from a channel mimicking vessel in the gel, namely a non-replicating luciferase-expressing adenovirus (Ad-Luc). Using a 500 KHz therapeutic ultrasound transducer confocally aligned with a focussed passive cavitation detector, different exposure conditions and burst mode timings were selected by performing time and frequency domain analysis of passively recorded acoustic emissions, in the absence and in the presence of ultrasound contrast agents acting as cavitation nuclei. In the presence of Sonovue, maximum ultraharmonic emissions were detected for peak rarefactional pressures of 360 kPa, and maximum broadband emissions occurred at 1250 kPa. The energy of the recorded acoustic emissions was used to optimise the pulse repetition frequency and duty cycle in order to maximize either ultraharmonic or broadband emissions while keeping the acoustic energy delivered to the focus constant. Cell viability measurements indicated that none of the insonation conditions investigated induces cell death in the absence of a therapeutic agent (i.e. virus). Phase contrast images of the tissue-mimicking phantom showed that short range vessel disruption can occur when ultra-harmonic emissions (nf0/2) are maximised whereas formation of a micro-channel perpendicular to the flow can be obtained in the presence of broadband acoustic emissions. Following Ad-Luc delivery, luciferase expression measurements showed that a 60-fold increase in its bioavailability can be achieved when broadband noise emissions are present during insonation, even for modest contrast agent concentrations. The findings of the present study suggest that drug delivery systems based on acoustic cavitation may help enhance the extravasation of anticancer agents, thus increasing their penetration distance to hypoxic regions and poorly vascularised tumour regions.

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Kotopoulis, S. ; Dimcevski, G. ; Helge Gilja, O. ; Hoem, D. ; Postema, M. Treatment of Human Pancreatic Cancer Using Combined Ultrasound, Microbubbles, and Gemcitabine: A Clinical Case Study. Med. Phys. 2013, 40 , 072902, DOI: 10.1118/1.4808149

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191

Treatment of human pancreatic cancer using combined ultrasound, microbubbles, and gemcitabine: A clinical case study

Kotopoulis, Spiros; Dimcevski, Georg; Helge Gilja, Odd; Hoem, Dag; Postema, Michiel

Medical Physics (2013), 40 (7), 072902/1-072902/9CODEN: MPHYA6; ISSN:0094-2405. (American Institute of Physics)

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability and efficacy of inducing sonoporation in a clin. setting, using com. available technol., to increase the patients' quality of life and extend the low Eastern Cooperative Oncol. Group performance grade; as a result increasing the overall survival in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Methods: Patients were treated using a customized configuration of a com. clin. ultrasound scanner over a time period of 31.5 min following std. chemotherapy treatment with gemcitabine. SonoVue ultrasound contrast agent was injected intravascularly during the treatment with the aim to induce sonoporation. Results: Using the authors' custom acoustic settings, the authors' patients were able to undergo an increased no. of treatment cycles; from an av. of 9 cycles, to an av. of 16 cycles when comparing to a historical control group of 80 patients. In two out of five patients treated, the max. tumor diam. was temporally decreased to 80 ± 5% and permanently to 70 ± 5% of their original size, while the other patients showed reduced growth. The authors also explain and characterize the settings and acoustic output obtained from a com. clin. scanner used for combined ultrasound microbubble and chemotherapy treatment. Conclusions: It is possible to combine ultrasound, microbubbles, and chemotherapy in a clin. setting using com. available clin. ultrasound scanners to increase the no. of treatment cycles, prolonging the quality of life in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma compared to chemotherapy alone. (c) 2013 American Institute of Physics.

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Dimcevski, G. ; Kotopoulis, S. ; Bjånes, T. ; Hoem, D. ; Schjøtt, J. ; Gjertsen, B. T. ; Biermann, M. ; Molven, A. ; Sorbye, H. ; McCormack, E. A Human Clinical Trial Using Ultrasound and Microbubbles to Enhance Gemcitabine Treatment of Inoperable Pancreatic Cancer. J. Controlled Release 2016, 243 , 172– 181, DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.10.007

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192

A human clinical trial using ultrasound and microbubbles to enhance gemcitabine treatment of inoperable pancreatic cancer

Dimcevski, Georg; Kotopoulis, Spiros; Bjaanes, Tormod; Hoem, Dag; Schjoet, Jan; Gjertsen, Bjoern Tore; Biermann, Martin; Molven, Anders; Sorbye, Halfdan; McCormack, Emmet; Postema, Michiel; Gilja, Odd Helge

Journal of Controlled Release (2016), 243 (), 172-181CODEN: JCREEC; ISSN:0168-3659. (Elsevier B.V.)

The primary aim of our study was to evaluate the safety and potential toxicity of gemcitabine combined with microbubbles under sonication in inoperable pancreatic cancer patients. The secondary aim was to evaluate a novel image-guided microbubble-based therapy, based on com. available technol., towards improving chemotherapeutic efficacy, preserving patient performance status, and prolonging survival. Ten patients were enrolled and treated in this Phase I clin. trial. Gemcitabine was infused i.v. over 30 min. Subsequently, patients were treated using a com. clin. ultrasound scanner for 31.5 min. SonoVue was injected i.v. (0.5 mL followed by 5 mL saline every 3.5 min) during the ultrasound treatment with the aim of inducing sonoporation, thus enhancing therapeutic efficacy. The combined therapeutic regimen did not induce any addnl. toxicity or increased frequency of side effects when compared to gemcitabine chemotherapy alone (historical controls). Combination treated patients (n = 10) tolerated an increased no. of gemcitabine cycles compared with historical controls (n = 63 patients; av. of 8.3 ± 6.0 cycles, vs. 13.8 ± 5.6 cycles, p = 0.008, unpaired t-test). In five patients, the max. tumor diam. was decreased from the first to last treatment. The median survival in our patients (n = 10) was also increased from 8.9 mo to 17.6 mo (p = 0.011). It is possible to combine ultrasound, microbubbles, and chemotherapy in a clin. setting using com. available equipment with no addnl. toxicities. This combined treatment may improve the clin. efficacy of gemcitabine, prolong the quality of life, and extend survival in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

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193

Beguin, E. ; Gray, M. D. ; Logan, K. A. ; Nesbitt, H. ; Sheng, Y. ; Kamila, S. ; Barnsley, L. C. ; Bau, L. ; McHale, A. P. ; Callan, J. F. Magnetic Microbubble Mediated Chemo-Sonodynamic Therapy Using a Combined Magnetic-Acoustic Device. J. Controlled Release 2020, 317 , 23– 33, DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.11.013

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

193

Magnetic microbubble mediated chemo-sonodynamic therapy using a combined magnetic-acoustic device

Beguin, Estelle; Gray, Michael D.; Logan, Keiran A.; Nesbitt, Heather; Sheng, Yingjie; Kamila, Sukanta; Barnsley, Lester C.; Bau, Luca; McHale, Anthony P.; Callan, John F.; Stride, Eleanor

Journal of Controlled Release (2020), 317 (), 23-33CODEN: JCREEC; ISSN:0168-3659. (Elsevier B.V.)

Recent pre-clin. studies have demonstrated the potential of combining chemotherapy and sonodynamic therapy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Oxygen-loaded magnetic microbubbles have been explored as a targeted delivery vehicle for this application. Despite preliminary pos. results, a previous study identified a significant practical challenge regarding the co-alignment of the magnetic and ultrasound fields. The aim of this study was to det. whether this challenge could be addressed through the use of a magnetic-acoustic device (MAD) combining a magnetic array and ultrasound transducer in a single unit, to simultaneously conc. and activate the microbubbles at the target site. in vitro expts. were performed in tissue phantoms and followed by in vivo treatment of xenograft pancreatic cancer (BxPC-3) tumors in a murine model. In vitro, a 1.4-fold (p < .01) increase in the deposition of a model therapeutic payload within the phantom was achieved using the MAD compared to sep. magnetic and ultrasound devices. In vivo, tumors treated with the MAD had a 9% smaller mean vol. 8 days after treatment, while tumors treated with sep. devices or microbubbles alone were resp. 45% and 112% larger. This substantial and sustained decrease in tumor vol. suggests that the proposed drug delivery approach has the potential to be an effective neoadjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer patients.

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194

Wood, A. K. ; Sehgal, C. M. A Review of Low-Intensity Ultrasound for Cancer Therapy. Ultrasound Med. Bio. 2015, 41 , 905– 928, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.11.019

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194

A review of low-intensity ultrasound for cancer therapy

Wood Andrew K W; Sehgal Chandra M

Ultrasound in medicine & biology (2015), 41 (4), 905-28 ISSN:.

The literature describing the use of low-intensity ultrasound in four major areas of cancer therapy-sonodynamic therapy, ultrasound-mediated chemotherapy, ultrasound-mediated gene delivery and anti-vascular ultrasound therapy-was reviewed. Each technique consistently resulted in the death of cancer cells, and the bio-effects of ultrasound were attributed primarily to thermal actions and inertial cavitation. In each therapeutic modality, theranostic contrast agents composed of microbubbles played a role in both therapy and vascular imaging. The development of these agents is important as it establishes a therapeutic-diagnostic platform that can monitor the success of anti-cancer therapy. Little attention, however, has been given either to the direct assessment of the mechanisms underlying the observed bio-effects or to the viability of these therapies in naturally occurring cancers in larger mammals; if such investigations provided encouraging data, there could be prompt application of a therapy technique in the treatment of cancer patients.

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195

Endo-Takahashi, Y. ; Negishi, Y. Microbubbles and Nanobubbles with Ultrasound for Systemic Gene Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020, 12 , 964, DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100964

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195

Microbubbles and nanobubbles with ultrasound for systemic gene delivery

Endo-Takahashi, Yoko; Negishi, Yoichi

Pharmaceutics (2020), 12 (10), 964CODEN: PHARK5; ISSN:1999-4923. (MDPI AG)

The regulation of gene expression is a promising therapeutic approach for many intractable diseases. However, its use in clin. applications requires the efficient delivery of nucleic acids to target tissues, which is a major challenge. Recently, various delivery systems employing phys. energy, such as ultrasound, magnetic force, elec. force, and light, have been developed. Ultrasound-mediated delivery has particularly attracted interest due to its safety and low costs. Its delivery effects are also enhanced when combined with microbubbles or nanobubbles that entrap an ultrasound contrast gas. Furthermore, ultrasound-mediated nucleic acid delivery could be performed only in ultrasound exposed areas. In this review, we summarize the ultrasound-mediated nucleic acid systemic delivery system, using microbubbles or nanobubbles, and discuss its possibilities as a therapeutic tool.

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Ferrara, K. ; Pollard, R. ; Borden, M. Ultrasound Microbubble Contrast Agents: Fundamentals and Application to Gene and Drug Delivery. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2007, 9 , 415– 447, DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.8.061505.095852

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196

Ultrasound microbubble contrast agents: fundamentals and application to gene and drug delivery

Ferrara, Katherine; Pollard, Rachel; Borden, Mark

Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering (2007), 9 (), 415-447CODEN: ARBEF7; ISSN:1523-9829. (Annual Reviews Inc.)

This review offers a crit. anal. of the state of the art of medical microbubbles and their application in therapeutic delivery and monitoring. When driven by an ultrasonic pulse, these small gas bubbles oscillate with a wall velocity on the order of tens to hundreds of meters per s and can be deflected to a vessel wall or fragmented into particles on the order of nanometers. While single-session mol. imaging of multiple targets is difficult with affinity-based strategies employed in some other imaging modalities, microbubble fragmentation facilitates such studies. Similarly, a focused ultrasound beam can be used to disrupt delivery vehicles and blood vessel walls, offering the opportunity to locally deliver a drug or gene. Clin. translation of these vehicles will require that current challenges be overcome, where these challenges include rapid clearance and low payload. The technol., early successes with drug and gene delivery, and potential clin. applications are reviewed.

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Wu, S.-K. ; Chu, P.-C. ; Chai, W.-Y. ; Kang, S.-T. ; Tsai, C.-H. ; Fan, C.-H. ; Yeh, C.-K. ; Liu, H.-L. Characterization of Different Microbubbles in Assisting Focused Ultrasound-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Opening. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7 , 46689, DOI: 10.1038/srep46689

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197

Characterization of Different Microbubbles in Assisting Focused Ultrasound-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Opening

Wu, Sheng-Kai; Chu, Po-Chun; Chai, Wen-Yen; Kang, Shih-Tsung; Tsai, Chih-Hung; Fan, Ching-Hsiang; Yeh, Chih-Kuang; Liu, Hao-Li

Scientific Reports (2017), 7 (), 46689CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)

Microbubbles (MBs) serve as a crit. catalyst to amplify local cavitation in CNS capillary lumen to facilitate focused ultrasound (FUS) to transiently open the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, limited understanding is available regarding the effect of different microbubbles to induce BBB opening. The aim of this study is to characterize different MBs on their effect in FUS-induced BBB opening. Three MBs, SonoVue, Definity, and USphere, were tested, with 0.4-MHz FUS exposure at 0.62-1.38 of mech. index (MI) on rats. Evans blue, dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI and small-animal ultrasound imaging were used as surrogates to allow mol.-penetrated quantification, BBB-opened observation, and MBs circulation/persistence. Cavitation activity was measured via the passive cavitation detection (PCD) setup to correlate with the exposure level and the histol. effect. Under given and identical MB concns., the three MBs induced similar and equiv. BBB-opening effects and persistence. In addn., a treatment paradigm by adapting exposure time is proposed to compensate MB decay to retain the persistence of BBB-opening efficiency in multiple FUS exposures. The results potentially improve understanding of the equivalence among MBs in focused ultrasound CNS drug delivery, and provide an effective strategy for securing persistence in this treatment modality.

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Song, K.-H. ; Harvey, B. K. ; Borden, M. A. State-of-the-Art of Microbubble-Assisted Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption. Theranostics 2018, 8 , 4393, DOI: 10.7150/thno.26869

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198

State-of-the-art of microbubble-assisted blood-brain barrier disruption

Song, Kang-Ho; Harvey, Brandon K.; Borden, Mark A.

Theranostics (2018), 8 (16), 4393-4408CODEN: THERDS; ISSN:1838-7640. (Ivyspring International Publisher)

A review. Focused ultrasound with microbubbles promises unprecedented advantages for blood-brain barrier disruption over existing intracranial drug delivery methods, as well as a significant no. of tunable parameters that affect its safety and efficacy. This review provides an engineering perspective on the state-of-the-art of the technol., considering the mechanism of action, effects of microbubble properties, ultrasound parameters and physiol. variables, as well as safety and potential therapeutic applications. Emphasis is placed on the use of unified parameters, such as microbubble vol. dose (MVD) and ultrasound mech. index, to optimize the procedure and establish safety limits. It is concluded that, while efficacy has been demonstrated in several animal models with a wide range of payloads, acceptable measures of safety should be adopted to accelerate collaboration and improve understanding and clin. relevance.

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Beguin, E. ; Bau, L. ; Shrivastava, S. ; Stride, E. Comparing Strategies for Magnetic Functionalization of Microbubbles. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11 , 1829– 1840, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18418

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199

Comparing Strategies for Magnetic Functionalization of Microbubbles

Beguin, Estelle; Bau, Luca; Shrivastava, Shamit; Stride, Eleanor

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2019), 11 (2), 1829-1840CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)

The advancement of ultrasound-mediated therapy has stimulated the development of drug-loaded microbubble agents that can be targeted to a region of interest through an applied magnetic field prior to ultrasound activation. However, the need to incorporate therapeutic mols. while optimizing the responsiveness to both magnetic and acoustic fields and maintaining adequate stability poses a considerable challenge for microbubble synthesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate three different methods for incorporating iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) into phospholipid-coated microbubbles using (1) hydrophobic IONPs within an oil layer below the microbubble shell, (2) phospholipid-stabilized IONPs within the shell, or (3) hydrophilic IONPs noncovalently bound to the surface of the microbubble. All microbubbles exhibited similar acoustic response at both 1 and 7 MHz. The half-life of the microbubbles was more than doubled by the addn. of IONPs by using both surface and phospholipid-mediated loading methods, provided the lipid used to coat the IONPs was the same as that constituting the microbubble shell. The highest loading of IONPs per microbubble was also achieved with the surface loading method, and these microbubbles were the most responsive to an applied magnetic field, showing a 3-fold increase in the no. of retained microbubbles compared to other groups. For the purpose of drug delivery, surface loading of IONPs could restrict the attachment of hydrophilic drugs to the microbubble shell, but hydrophobic drugs could still be incorporated. In contrast, although the incorporation of phospholipid IONPs produced more weakly magnetic microbubbles, it would not interfere with hydrophilic drug loading on the surface of the microbubble.

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Borden, M. A. ; Sarantos, M. R. ; Stieger, S. M. ; Simon, S. I. ; Ferrara, K. W. ; Dayton, P. A. Ultrasound Radiation Force Modulates Ligand Availability on Targeted Contrast Agents. Mol. Imaging 2006, 5 , 139– 147, DOI: 10.2310/7290.2006.00016

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200

Ultrasound radiation force modulates ligand availability on targeted contrast agents

Borden Mark A; Sarantos Melissa R; Stieger Susanne M; Simon Scott I; Ferrara Katherine W; Dayton Paul A

Molecular imaging (2006), 5 (3), 139-47 ISSN:1535-3508.

Radiation force produced by low-amplitude ultrasound at clinically relevant frequencies remotely translates freely flowing microbubble ultrasound contrast agents over distances up to centimeters from the luminal space to the vessel wall in order to enhance ligand-receptor contact in targeting applications. The question arises as to how the microbubble shell might be designed at the molecular level to fully take advantage of such physical forces in targeted adhesion for molecular imaging and controlled therapeutic release. Herein, we report on a novel surface architecture in which the tethered ligand is buried in a polymeric overbrush. Our results, with biotin-avidin as the model ligand-receptor pair, show that the overbrush conceals the ligand, thereby reducing immune cell binding and increasing circulation persistence. Targeted adhesion is achieved through application of ultrasound radiation force to instantly reveal the ligand within a well-defined focal zone and simultaneously bind the ligand and receptor. Our data illustrate how the adhesive properties of the contrast agent surface can be reversibly changed, from stealth to sticky, through the physical effects of ultrasound. This technique can be combined with any ligand-receptor pair to optimize targeted adhesion for ultrasonic molecular imaging.

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McEwan, C. ; Kamila, S. ; Owen, J. ; Nesbitt, H. ; Callan, B. ; Borden, M. ; Nomikou, N. ; Hamoudi, R. A. ; Taylor, M. A. ; Stride, E. Combined Sonodynamic and Antimetabolite Therapy for the Improved Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer Using Oxygen Loaded Microbubbles as a Delivery Vehicle. Biomaterials 2016, 80 , 20– 32, DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.033

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201

Combined sonodynamic and antimetabolite therapy for the improved treatment of pancreatic cancer using oxygen loaded microbubbles as a delivery vehicle

McEwan, Conor; Kamila, Sukanta; Owen, Joshua; Nesbitt, Heather; Callan, Bridgeen; Borden, Mark; Nomikou, Nikolitsa; Hamoudi, Rifat A.; Taylor, Mark A.; Stride, Eleanor; McHale, Anthony P.; Callan, John F.

Biomaterials (2016), 80 (), 20-32CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)

In this manuscript we describe the prepn. of an oxygen-loaded microbubble (O2MB) platform for the targeted treatment of pancreatic cancer using both sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and antimetabolite therapy. O2MB were prepd. with either the sensitizer Rose Bengal (O2MB-RB) or the antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil (O2MB-5FU) attached to the microbubble (MB) surface. The MB were characterized with respect to size, phys. stability and oxygen retention. A statistically significant redn. in cell viability was obsd. when three different pancreatic cancer cell lines (BxPc-3, MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1), cultured in an anaerobic cabinet, were treated with both SDT and antimetabolite therapy compared to either therapy alone. In addn., a statistically significant redn. in tumor growth was also obsd. when ectopic human xenograft BxPC-3 tumors in SCID mice were treated with the combined therapy compared to treatment with either therapy alone. These results illustrate not only the potential of combined SDT/antimetabolite therapy as a stand alone treatment option in pancreatic cancer, but also the capability of O2-loaded MBs to deliver O2 to the tumor microenvironment in order to enhance the efficacy of therapies that depend on O2 to mediate their therapeutic effect. Furthermore, the use of MBs to facilitate delivery of O2 as well as the sensitizer/antimetabolite, combined with the possibility to activate the sensitizer using externally applied ultrasound, provides a more targeted approach with improved efficacy and reduced side effects when compared with conventional systemic administration of antimetabolite drugs alone.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhvFWktrvL&md5=e3973eac985311b12b55cf6a96b8355f

202

Sheng, Y. ; Beguin, E. ; Nesbitt, H. ; Kamila, S. ; Owen, J. ; Barnsley, L. C. ; Callan, B. ; O'Kane, C. ; Nomikou, N. ; Hamoudi, R. Magnetically Responsive Microbubbles As Delivery Vehicles for Targeted Sonodynamic and Antimetabolite Therapy of Pancreatic Cancer. J. Controlled Release 2017, 262 , 192– 200, DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.040

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

202

Magnetically responsive microbubbles as delivery vehicles for targeted sonodynamic and antimetabolite therapy of pancreatic cancer

Sheng, Yingjie; Beguin, Estelle; Nesbitt, Heather; Kamila, Sukanta; Owen, Joshua; Barnsley, Lester C.; Callan, Bridgeen; O'Kane, Christopher; Nomikou, Nikolitsa; Hamoudi, Rifat; Taylor, Mark A.; Love, Mark; Kelly, Paul; O'Rourke, Declan; Stride, Eleanor; McHale, Anthony P.; Callan, John F.

Journal of Controlled Release (2017), 262 (), 192-200CODEN: JCREEC; ISSN:0168-3659. (Elsevier B.V.)

Magnetically responsive microbubbles (MagMBs), consisting of an oxygen gas core and a phospholipid coating functionalised with Rose Bengal (RB) and/or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), were assessed as a delivery vehicle for the targeted treatment of pancreatic cancer using combined antimetabolite and sonodynamic therapy (SDT). MagMBs delivering the combined 5-FU/SDT treatment produced a redn. in cell viability of over 50% when tested against a panel of four pancreatic cancer cell lines in vitro. I.v. administration of the MagMBs to mice bearing orthotopic human xenograft BxPC-3 tumors yielded a 48.3% redn. in tumor vol. relative to an untreated control group (p < 0.05) when the tumor was exposed to both external magnetic and ultrasound fields during administration of the MagMBs. In contrast, application of an external ultrasound field alone resulted in a 27% redn. in tumor vol. In addn., activated caspase and BAX protein levels were both obsd. to be significantly elevated in tumors harvested from animals treated with the MagMBs in the presence of magnetic and ultrasonic fields when compared to expression of those proteins in tumors from either the control or ultrasound field only groups (p < 0.05). These results suggest MagMBs have considerable potential as a platform to enable the targeted delivery of combined sonodynamic/antimetabolite therapy in pancreatic cancer.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXht1Ols7vJ&md5=73ab510938cde953794d5b8d9e3d4dc6

203

Baresch, D. ; Garbin, V. Acoustic Trapping of Microbubbles in Complex Environments and Controlled Payload Release. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2020, 117 , 15490– 15496, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003569117

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

203

Acoustic trapping of microbubbles in complex environments and controlled payload release

Baresch, Diego; Garbin, Valeria

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2020), 117 (27), 15490-15496CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)

Contactless manipulation of microparticles using acoustic waves holds promise for applications ranging from cell sorting to three-dimensional (3D) printing and tissue engineering. However, the unique potential of acoustic trapping to be applied in biomedical settings remains largely untapped. In particular, the main advantage of acoustic trapping over optical trapping, namely the ability of sound to propagate through thick and opaque media, has not yet been exploited in full. Here we demonstrate exptl. the use of the recently developed technique of single-beam acoustical tweezers to trap microbubbles, an important class of biomedically relevant microparticles. We show that the region of vanishing pressure of a propagating vortex beam can confine a microbubble by forcing low-amplitude, nonspherical, shape oscillations, enabling its full 3D positioning. Our interpretation is validated by the abs. calibration of the acoustic trapping force and the direct spatial mapping of isolated bubble echos, for which both find excellent agreement with our theor. model. Furthermore, we prove the stability of the trap through centimeter-thick layers of bio-mimicking, elastic materials. Finally, we demonstrate the simultaneous trapping of nanoparticle-loaded microbubbles and activation with an independent acoustic field to trigger the release of the nanoparticles. Overall, using exclusively acoustic powering to position and actuate microbubbles paves the way toward controlled delivery of drug payloads in confined, hard-to-reach locations, with potential in vivo applications.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhsV2kurnJ&md5=4124b6a6be4018ecfa48939000e9dff8

204

Lu, C.-T. ; Zhao, Y.-Z. ; Ge, S.-P. ; Jin, Y.-G. ; Du, L.-N. Potential and Problems in Ultrasound-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems. Int. J. Nanomed. 2013, 8 , 1621– 1633, DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S43589

205

Zhong, Y. ; Zhang, Y. ; Xu, J. ; Zhou, J. ; Liu, J. ; Ye, M. ; Zhang, L. ; Qiao, B. ; Wang, Z.-G. ; Ran, H.-T. ; Guo, D. Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound-Responsive Phase-Transitional Nanoparticles for Thrombolysis without Vascular Damage: A Synergistic Nonpharmaceutical Strategy. ACS Nano 2019, 13 , 3387– 3403, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09277

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

205

Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound-Responsive Phase-Transitional Nanoparticles for Thrombolysis without Vascular Damage: A Synergistic Nonpharmaceutical Strategy

Zhong, Yixin; Zhang, Yu; Xu, Jie; Zhou, Jun; Liu, Jia; Ye, Man; Zhang, Liang; Qiao, Bin; Wang, Zhi-gang; Ran, Hai-tao; Guo, Dajing

ACS Nano (2019), 13 (3), 3387-3403CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)

Multimodal mol. imaging has shown promise as a complementary approach to thrombus detection. However, the simultaneous noninvasive detection and lysis of thrombi for cardiovascular diseases remain challenging. Herein, a perfluorohexane (PFH)-based biocompatible nanostructure was fabricated, namely, as-prepd. Fe3O4-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-PFH-CREKA nanoparticles (NPs), which combine phase transition (PT) thrombolysis capabilities with properties conducive to multimodal imaging. This well-developed PT agent responded effectively to low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) by triggering the vaporization of liq. PFH to achieve thrombolysis. The presence of the CREKA peptide, which binds to the fibrin of the thrombus, allows targeted imaging and efficacious thrombolysis. Then, we found that, compared with thrombolysis using a non-phase-transition agent, PT thrombolysis can produce a robust decrease in the thrombus burden regardless of the acoustic power d. of LIFU. In particular, the reduced energy for LIFU-responsive PT during the lysis process guarantees the superior safety of PT thrombolysis. After injecting the NPs i.v., we demonstrated that this lysis process can be monitored with ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging in vivo to evaluate its efficacy. Therefore, this nonpharmaceutical strategy departs from routine methods and reveals the potential use of PT thrombolysis as an effective and noninvasive alternative to current thrombolytic therapy.

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Kee, A. L. Y. ; Teo, B. M. Biomedical Applications of Acoustically Responsive Phase Shift Nanodroplets: Current Status and Future Directions. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2019, 56 , 37– 45, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.03.024

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

206

Biomedical applications of acoustically responsive phase shift nanodroplets: Current status and future directions

Kee, Allison Loo Yong; Teo, Boon Mian

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry (2019), 56 (), 37-45CODEN: ULSOER; ISSN:1350-4177. (Elsevier B.V.)

A review. The evolution of ultrasonic contrast agents to enhance the reflectivity of structures in the human body has consolidated ultrasound's stance as a reliable diagnostic imaging modality. A significant development within this field includes the advent of liq. nanodroplets that are capable of vaporizing into gaseous microbubbles upon ultrasonic irradn. This literature review will therefore appraise and summarize the available literature on the generation of phase-shift nanodroplets, their formulations, applications, safety issues, future developments and any implications that may inhibit their clin. implementation. The main findings of this review affirm that phase change nanodroplets do indeed demonstrate functionality in drug delivery and targeting and characterization of tumors. Its bioeffects however, have not yet been extensively researched, prompting further exploration into how bubble size can be controlled once it has vaporized into microbubbles and the resulting complications. As such, future research should be directed towards detg. the safety, longevity and suitability of phase-shift nanodroplets over contrast agents in current clin. use.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXmslWntrY%253D&md5=c0f83b9302e4500590b2d5161161ed28

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Liu, J. ; Shang, T. ; Wang, F. ; Cao, Y. ; Hao, L. ; Ren, J. ; Ran, H. ; Wang, Z. ; Li, P. ; Du, Z. Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (LIFU)-Induced Acoustic Droplet Vaporization in Phase-Transition Perfluoropentane Nanodroplets Modified by Folate for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging. Int. J. Nanomed. 2017, 12 , 911– 923, DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S122667

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

207

Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU)-induced acoustic droplet vaporization in phase-transition perfluoropentane nanodroplets modified by folate for ultrasound molecular imaging

Liu, Jianxin; Shang, Tingting; Wang, Fengjuan; Cao, Yang; Hao, Lan; Ren, Jian Li; Ran, Haitao; Wang, Zhigang; Li, Pan; Du, Zhiyu

International Journal of Nanomedicine (2017), 12 (), 911-923CODEN: IJNNHQ; ISSN:1178-2013. (Dove Medical Press Ltd.)

The commonly used ultrasound (US) mol. probes, such as targeted microbubbles and perfluorocarbon emulsions, present a no. of inherent problems including the conflict between US visualization and particle penetration. This study describes the successful fabrica- tion of phase changeable folate-targeted perfluoropentane nanodroplets (termed FA-NDs), a novel US mol. probe for tumor mol. imaging with US. Notably, these FA-NDs can be triggered by low-intensity focused US (LIFU) sonication, providing excellent US enhancement in B-mode and contrast-enhanced US mode in vitro. After i.v. administration into nude mice bearing SKOV3 ovarian carcinomas, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3' -tetramethylindotricarbocya- nine iodide-labeled FA-NDs were found to accumulate in the tumor region. FA-NDs injection followed by LIFU sonication exhibited remarkable US contrast enhancement in the tumor region. In conclusion, combining our elaborately developed FA-NDs with LIFU sonication provides a potential protocol for US mol. imaging in folate receptor-overexpressing tumors.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXjsFCgtLo%253D&md5=0984a5794c17e1e5423a58b60eee2970

208

Hobbs, S. K. ; Monsky, W. L. ; Yuan, F. ; Roberts, W. G. ; Griffith, L. ; Torchilin, V. P. ; Jain, R. K. Regulation of Transport Pathways in Tumor Vessels: Role of Tumor Type and Microenvironment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998, 95 , 4607– 4612, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.8.4607

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

208

Regulation of transport pathways in tumor vessels: role of tumor type and microenvironment

Hobbs, Susan K.; Monsky, Wayne L.; Yuan, Fan; Roberts, W. Gregory; Griffith, Linda; Torchilin, Vladimir P.; Jain, Rakesh K.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (1998), 95 (8), 4607-4612CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)

Novel anti-neoplastic agents such as gene targeting vectors and encapsulated carriers are quite large (approx. 100-300 nm in diam.). An understanding of the functional size and physiol. regulation of transvascular pathways is necessary to optimize delivery of these agents. Here we analyze the functional limits of transvascular transport and its modulation by the microenvironment. One human and five murine tumors including mammary and colorectal carcinomas, hepatoma, glioma, and sarcoma were implanted in the dorsal skin-fold chamber or cranial window, and the pore cutoff size, a functional measure of transvascular gap size, was detd. The microenvironment was modulated: (i) spatially, by growing tumors in s.c. or cranial locations and (ii) temporally, by inducing vascular regression in hormone-dependent tumors. Tumors grown s.c. exhibited a characteristic pore cutoff size ranging from 200 nm to 1.2 μm. This pore cutoff size was reduced in tumors grown in the cranium or in regressing tumors after hormone withdrawal. Vessels induced in basic fibroblast growth factor-contg. gels had a pore cutoff size of 200 nm. Albumin permeability was independent of pore cutoff size. These results have three major implications for the delivery of therapeutic agents: (i) delivery may be less efficient in cranial tumors than in s.c. tumors, (ii) delivery may be reduced during tumor regression induced by hormonal ablation, and (iii) permeability to a mol. is independent of pore cutoff size as long as the diam. of the mol. is much less than the pore diam.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK1cXis1OgsLc%253D&md5=ac230a357069787fb819e23a043bd3f0

209

Krafft, M. P. Fluorocarbons and Fluorinated Amphiphiles in Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2001, 47 , 209– 228, DOI: 10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00107-7

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209

Fluorocarbons and fluorinated amphiphiles in drug delivery and biomedical research

Krafft, M. P.

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (2001), 47 (2-3), 209-228CODEN: ADDREP; ISSN:0169-409X. (Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.)

A review with 170 refs. The specific properties of fluorocarbons, exceptional chem. and biol. inertness, high gas-dissolving capacity, low surface tension, excellent spreading characteristics and high fluidity, have triggered numerous applications of these compds. in oxygen delivery. An injectable emulsion of fluorocarbon-in-water destined to deliver oxygen to tissues at risk of hypoxia has now completed Phase III clin. trials in Europe. A neat fluorocarbon is currently investigated in Phase II for treatment of acute respiratory failure by liq. ventilation. Fluorinated lipids and fluorinated surfactants can be used to elaborate and stabilize various colloidal systems, including different types of emulsions, vesicles and tubules, that also show promise for controlled release drug delivery.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3MXislGls7Y%253D&md5=77c030447d4d569a200147defaff4196

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Kripfgans, O. D. ; Fowlkes, J. ; Miller, D. L. ; Eldevik, O. ; Carson, P. L. Acoustic Droplet Vaporization for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 2000, 26 , 1177– 1189, DOI: 10.1016/S0301-5629(00)00262-3

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210

Acoustic droplet vaporization for therapeutic and diagnostic applications

Kripfgans O D; Fowlkes J B; Miller D L; Eldevik O P; Carson P L

Ultrasound in medicine & biology (2000), 26 (7), 1177-89 ISSN:0301-5629.

A phase shift droplet emulsion is introduced as an aid to unusual ultrasound (US) applications. The transpulmonary droplet emulsion (90% < 6 microm diameter) is made by mixing saline, bovine albumin and dodecafluoropentane. It has been observed that an acoustic pressure threshold exists, above which the droplets vaporize into bubbles approximately 25 times the original diameter. For frequencies between 1.5 and 8 MHz, the threshold decreases from 4.5 to 0.75 MPa peak rarefactional pressure. This paper presents preliminary results for droplet preparation and their evaporation as a function of applied acoustic pressure and frequency, as well as simulations of the lifetime of these gas bubbles based on gas diffusion. In vivo experiments were simulated by the evaporation of droplets in blood flowing under attenuating material. We propose that this agent might be useful for tissue occlusion in cancer treatment, as well as for phase aberration corrections in acoustic imaging.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD3M%252FnsFChtg%253D%253D&md5=311fca3cc91527d079e3a4ae73ca143b

211

Xu, T. ; Cui, Z. ; Li, D. ; Cao, F. ; Xu, J. ; Zong, Y. ; Wang, S. ; Bouakaz, A. ; Wan, M. ; Zhang, S. Cavitation Characteristics of Flowing Low and High Boiling-Point Perfluorocarbon Phase-Shift Nanodroplets during Focused Ultrasound Exposures. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2020, 65 , 105060, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105060

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

211

Cavitation characteristics of flowing low and high boiling-point perfluorocarbon phase-shift nanodroplets during focused ultrasound exposures

Xu, Tianqi; Cui, Zhiwei; Li, Dapeng; Cao, Fangyuan; Xu, Jichen; Zong, Yujin; Wang, Supin; Bouakaz, Ayache; Wan, Mingxi; Zhang, Siyuan

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry (2020), 65 (), 105060CODEN: ULSOER; ISSN:1350-4177. (Elsevier B.V.)

This work investigated and compared the dynamic cavitation characteristics between low and high boiling-point phase-shift nanodroplets (NDs) under physiol. relevant flow conditions during focused ultrasound (FUS) exposures at different peak rarefactional pressures. A passive cavitation detection (PCD) system was used to monitor cavitation activity during FUS exposure at various acoustic pressure levels. Root mean square (RMS) amplitudes of broadband noise, spectrograms of the passive cavitation detection signals, and normalized inertial cavitation dose (ICD) values were calcd. Cavitation activity of low-boiling-point perfluoropentane (PFP) NDs and high boiling-point perfluorohexane (PFH) NDs flowing at in vitro mean velocities of 0-15 cm/s were compared in a 4-mm diam. wall-less vessel in a transparent tissue-mimicking phantom. In the static state, both types of phase-shift NDs exhibit a sharp rise in cavitation intensity during initial FUS exposure. Under flow conditions, cavitation activity of the PFH NDs reached the steady state less rapidly compared to PFP NDs under the lower acoustic pressure (1.35 MPa); at the higher acoustic pressure (1.65 MPa), the RMS amplitude increased more sharply during the initial FUS exposure period. In particular, the RMS-time curves of the PFP NDs shifted upward as the mean flow velocity increased from 0 to 15 cm/s; the RMS amplitude of the PFH ND soln. increased from 0 to 10 cm/s and decreased at 15 cm/s. Moreover, amplitudes of the echo signal for the low boiling-point PFP NDs were higher compared to the high boiling-point PFH NDs in the lower frequency range, whereas the inverse occurred in the higher frequency range. Both PFP and PFH NDs showed increased cavitation activity in the higher frequency under the flow condition compared to the static state, esp. PFH NDs. At 1.65 MPa, normalized ICD values for PFH increased from 0.93 ± 0.03 to 0.96 ± 0.04 and from 0 to 10 cm/s, then decreased to 0.86 ± 0.05 at 15 cm/s. This work contributes to our further understanding of cavitation characteristics of phase-shift NDs under physiol. relevant flow conditions during FUS exposure. In addn., the results provide a ref. for selecting suitable phase-shift NDs to enhance the efficiency of cavitation-mediated ultrasonic applications.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXlt1CjtrY%253D&md5=3096ab01dfb1e294733752a6622581e6

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Qin, D. ; Zou, Q. ; Lei, S. ; Wang, W. ; Li, Z. Predicting Initial Nucleation Events Occurred in a Metastable Nanodroplet during Acoustic Droplet Vaporization. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2021, 75 , 105608, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105608

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

212

Predicting initial nucleation events occurred in a metastable nanodroplet during acoustic droplet vaporization

Qin, Dui; Zou, Qingqin; Lei, Shuang; Wang, Wei; Li, Zhangyong

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry (2021), 75 (), 105608CODEN: ULSOER; ISSN:1350-4177. (Elsevier B.V.)

Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) capable of converting liq. perfluorocarbon (PFC) micro/nanodroplets into gaseous microbubbles has gained much attention due to its medical potentials. However, its phys. mechanisms for nanodroplets have not been well understood due to the disappeared superharmonic focusing effect and the prominent Laplace pressure compared to microdroplets, esp. for the initial ADV nucleation occurring in a metastable PFC nanodroplet. The classical nucleation theory (CNT) was modified to describe the ADV nucleation via combining the phase-change thermodn. of perfluoropentane (PFP) and the Laplace pressure effect on PFP nanodroplets. The thermodn. was exactly predicted by the Redlich-Kwong equation of state (EoS) rather than the van der Waals EoS, based on which the surface tension of the vapor nucleus as a crucial parameter in the CNT was successfully obtained to modify the CNT. Compared to the CNT, the modified CNT eliminated the intrinsic limitations of the CNT, and it predicted a larger nucleation rate and a lower ADV nucleation threshold, which agree much better with exptl. results. Furthermore, it indicated that the nanodroplet properties exert very strong influences on the nucleation threshold instead of the acoustic parameters, providing a potential strategy with an appropriate droplet design to reduce the ADV nucleation threshold. This study may contribute to further understanding the ADV mechanism for PFC nanodroplets and promoting its potential theranostic applications in clin. practice.

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Shpak, O. ; Verweij, M. ; Vos, H. J. ; de Jong, N. ; Lohse, D. ; Versluis, M. Acoustic Droplet Vaporization Is Initiated by Superharmonic Focusing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2014, 111 , 1697– 1702, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1312171111

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213

Acoustic droplet vaporization is initiated by superharmonic focusing

Shpak, Oleksandr; Verweij, Martin; Vos, Hendrik J.; de Jong, Nico; Lohse, Detlef; Versluis, Michel

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2014), 111 (5), 1697-1702CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)

Acoustically sensitive emulsion droplets composed of a liq. perfluorocarbon have the potential to be a highly efficient system for local drug delivery, embolotherapy, or for tumor imaging. The phys. mechanisms underlying the acoustic activation of these phase-change emulsions into a bubbly dispersion, termed acoustic droplet vaporization, have not been well understood. The droplets have a very high activation threshold; its frequency dependence does not comply with homogeneous nucleation theory and localized nucleation spots have been obsd. Here we show that acoustic droplet vaporization is initiated by a combination of two phenomena: highly nonlinear distortion of the acoustic wave before it hits the droplet and focusing of the distorted wave by the droplet itself. At high excitation pressures, nonlinear distortion causes significant superharmonics with wavelengths of the order of the droplet size. These superharmonics strongly contribute to the focusing effect; therefore, the proposed mechanism also explains the obsd. pressure thresholding effect. Our interpretation is validated with exptl. data captured with an ultrahigh-speed camera on the positions of the nucleation spots, where we find excellent agreement with the theor. prediction. Moreover, the presented mechanism explains the hitherto counterintuitive dependence of the nucleation threshold on the ultrasound frequency. The phys. insight allows for the optimization of acoustic droplet vaporization for therapeutic applications, in particular with respect to the acoustic pressures required for activation, thereby minimizing the neg. bioeffects assocd. with the use of high-intensity ultrasound.

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Xin, Y. ; Zhang, A. ; Xu, L. X. ; Fowlkes, J. B. Numerical Study of Bubble Area Evolution during Acoustic Droplet Vaporization-Enhanced HIFU Treatment. J. Biomech. Eng. 2017, 139 , 091004, DOI: 10.1115/1.4037150

215

Sheeran, P. S. ; Luois, S. ; Dayton, P. A. ; Matsunaga, T. O. Formulation and Acoustic Studies of a New Phase-Shift Agent for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasound. Langmuir 2011, 27 , 10412– 10420, DOI: 10.1021/la2013705

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

215

Formulation and Acoustic Studies of a New Phase-Shift Agent for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasound

Sheeran, Paul S.; Luois, Samantha; Dayton, Paul A.; Matsunaga, Terry O.

Langmuir (2011), 27 (17), 10412-10420CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American Chemical Society)

Recent efforts in the area of acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) with the objective of designing extravascular ultrasound contrast agents has led to the development of stabilized, lipid-encapsulated nanodroplets of the highly volatile compd. decafluorobutane (DFB). In this study, two methods were developed for generating DFB droplets, the first of which involves condensing DFB gas (b.p. from -1.1 to -2°) followed by extrusion with a lipid formulation in HEPES buffer. Acoustic droplet vaporization of micrometer-sized lipid-coated droplets at diagnostic ultrasound frequencies and mech. indexes were confirmed optically. In the second formulation methodol., the formulation of submicrometer-sized lipid-coated nanodroplets based upon condensation of preformed microbubbles contg. DFB was described. The droplets were routinely in the 200-300 nm range and yield microbubbles on the order of 1-5 μm once vaporized, consistent with ideal gas law expansion predictions. The simple and effective nature of this methodol. allows for the development of a variety of different formulations that can be used for imaging, drug and gene delivery, and therapy. This study is the first to the authors' knowledge to demonstrate both a method of generating ADV agents by microbubble condensation and formulation of primarily submicrometer droplets of decafluorobutane that remain stable at physiol. temps. Finally, activation of DFB nanodroplets was demonstrated using pressures within the FDA guidelines for diagnostic imaging, which may minimize the potential for bioeffects in humans. This methodol. offers a new means of developing extravascular contrast agents for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXpsVOhs70%253D&md5=9f19a62d8c6826c539f08151d2743d28

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Li, Y. ; Liu, R. ; Liu, L. ; Zhang, Y. ; Sun, J. ; Ma, P. ; Wu, Y. ; Duan, S. ; Zhang, L. Study on Phase Transition and Contrast-Enhanced Imaging of Ultrasound-Responsive Nanodroplets with Polymer Shells. Colloids Surf., B 2020, 189 , 110849, DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110849

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

216

Study on phase transition and contrast-enhanced imaging of ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets with polymer shells

Li, Yaqiong; Liu, Ruiqing; Liu, Luwen; Zhang, Ye; Sun, Jun; Ma, Peizhi; Wu, Yuejin; Duan, Shaobo; Zhang, Lianzhong

Colloids and Surfaces, B: Biointerfaces (2020), 189 (), 110849CODEN: CSBBEQ; ISSN:0927-7765. (Elsevier B.V.)

Ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets show great potential in ultrasound diagnosis and targeted tumor therapy due to their unique phase transition properties. Herein, the phase transition of polymeric nanodroplets with a core of perfluoronpentane (PFP) was studied through the measurement of particle size and in vitro/in vivo contrast-enhanced imaging, and imaging performance was further evaluated by introducing intensity anal. of acoustic signals. The av. particle size of nanodroplets increased and became polydispersed when heated at 37°C, which may result from vaporization of a portion of nanodroplets. For imaging in vitro, no acoustic signals were obsd. at 25°C when the mech. index (MI) varied from 0.08 to 1.0. At 37°C, acoustic signals were obsd. for MI = 0.4, and the intensity was stronger for higher MIs. For imaging in mice livers, the nanodroplets showed similar contrast enhancement behaviors with SonoVue at low MI (0.08), which produced strong acoustic signals immediately and were cleared within 10 min. The acoustic signals at high MI (1.0) were weaker but lasted more than 1 h. These results indicated that the phase transition of polymeric nanodroplets could be induced by diagnostic ultrasound, and contrast-enhanced imaging is closely related to particle size, temp. and MI. This study provides a better understanding of phase transition and contrast-enhanced imaging for ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets with polymer shells.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXjtFSku7g%253D&md5=936d04f6e6e2c3351408afa692aeaa9d

217

Brambila, C. J. ; Lux, J. ; Mattrey, R. F. ; Boyd, D. ; Borden, M. A. ; de Gracia Lux, C. Bubble Inflation Using Phase-Change Perfluorocarbon Nanodroplets as a Strategy for Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging and Therapy. Langmuir 2020, 36 , 2954– 2965, DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03647

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

217

Bubble Inflation Using Phase-Change Perfluorocarbon Nanodroplets as a Strategy for Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging and Therapy

Brambila, Carlos J.; Lux, Jacques; Mattrey, Robert F.; Boyd, Dustin; Borden, Mark A.; Lux, Caroline de Gracia

Langmuir (2020), 36 (11), 2954-2965CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American Chemical Society)

Phase-change perfluorocarbon microdroplets were introduced over 2 decades ago to occlude downstream vessels in vivo. Interest in perfluorocarbon nanodroplets has recently increased to enable extravascular targeting, to rescue the weak ultrasound signal of perfluorocarbon droplets by converting them to microbubbles and to improve ultrasound-based therapy. Despite great scientific interest and advances, applications of phase-change perfluorocarbon agents have not reached clin. testing because of efficacy and safety concerns, some of which remain unexplained. Here, the authors report that the coexistence of perfluorocarbon droplets and microbubbles in blood, which is inevitable when droplets spontaneously or intentionally vaporize to form microbubbles, is a major contributor to the obsd. side effects. The authors develop the theory to explain why the coexistence of droplets and microbubbles results in microbubble inflation induced by perfluorocarbon transfer from droplets to adjacent microbubbles. The authors also present the exptl. data showing up to 6 orders of magnitude microbubble vol. expansion, which occludes a 200μm tubing in the presence of perfluorocarbon nanodroplets. More importantly, the authors demonstrate that the rate of microbubble inflation and ultimate size can be controlled by manipulating formulation parameters to tailor the agent's design for the potential theranostic application while minimizing the risk to benefit ratio.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXjs1Kmurg%253D&md5=d71b4ba546ea1259bda835639cdba3df

218

Xu, Y. ; Lu, Q. ; Sun, L. ; Feng, S. ; Nie, Y. ; Ning, X. ; Lu, M. Nanosized Phase-Changeable "Sonocyte" for Promoting Ultrasound Assessment. Small 2020, 16 , 2002950, DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002950

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218

Nanosized Phase-Changeable "Sonocyte" for Promoting Ultrasound Assessment

Xu, Yurui; Lu, Qiangbing; Sun, Lei; Feng, Shujun; Nie, Yuanyuan; Ning, Xinghai; Lu, Minghui

Small (2020), 16 (34), 2002950CODEN: SMALBC; ISSN:1613-6810. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

Despite the ability of microbubble contrast agents to improve ultrasound diagnostic performance, their application potential is limited due to low stability, fast clearance, and poor tissue permeation. This study presents a promising nanosized phase-changeable erythrocyte (Sonocyte), composed of liposomal dodecafluoropentane coated with multilayered red blood cell membranes (RBCm), for improving ultrasound assessments. Sonocyte is the first RBCm-functionalized ultrasound contrast agent with uniform nanosized morphol., and exhibits good stability, systemic circulation, target-tissue accumulation, and even ultrasound-responsive phase transition, thereby satisfying the inherent requirement of ultrasound imaging. It is identified that Sonocyte displays similar sensitivity as microbubble SonoVue, a clin. ultrasound contrast agent, for effectively detecting normal parenchyma and hepatic necrosis. Importantly, compared with SonoVue lacking of ability to detect tumors, Sonocyte can identify tumors with high sensitivity and specificity due to superior tumor accumulation and penetration. Therefore, Sonocyte exhibits superior capabilities over SonoVue, endowing with a great clin. application potential.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhsVerur7N&md5=d28804d48288619ac9542b6b5e605419

219

Javadi, M. ; Pitt, W. G. ; Tracy, C. M. ; Barrow, J. R. ; Willardson, B. M. ; Hartley, J. M. ; Tsosie, N. H. Ultrasonic Gene and Drug Delivery Using eLiposomes. J. Controlled Release 2013, 167 , 92– 100, DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.01.009

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

219

Ultrasonic gene and drug delivery using eLiposomes

Javadi, Marjan; Pitt, William G.; Tracy, Christopher M.; Barrow, Jeffery R.; Willardson, Barry M.; Hartley, Jonathan M.; Tsosie, Naakaii H.

Journal of Controlled Release (2013), 167 (1), 92-100CODEN: JCREEC; ISSN:0168-3659. (Elsevier B.V.)

ELiposomes are liposomes encapsulating emulsions and therapeutics for targeted delivery. By applying ultrasound to eLiposomes, emulsion droplets can transform from liq. to gas and rupture the lipid bilayer of the eLiposome to release a drug or plasmid. In this study, perfluoropentane (PFC5) emulsions were encapsulated inside folated eLiposomes carrying a model drug (calcein) or a model GFP plasmid to examine the effects of a folate ligand, PFC5 emulsion and various ultrasonic acoustic parameters in drug delivery and gene transfection into HeLa cells. Confocal microscopy was used to quantify drug delivery and the level of plasmid transfection into HeLa cells. The results showed that drug delivery or transfection was minimal without incorporation of internal PFC5 emulsions and folate ligand on the eLiposome surface. It was also shown that application of ultrasound greatly enhanced the drug delivery and plasmid transfection. Delivery of these therapeutics appears to be to the cytosol, indicating that the expansion of the emulsion droplets disrupted both the eLiposomes and the endosomes.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXktlSgtLg%253D&md5=530cbcdefbb3a17964f9b2c49b898618

220

Lee, J. Y. ; Carugo, D. ; Crake, C. ; Owen, J. ; de Saint Victor, M. ; Seth, A. ; Coussios, C. ; Stride, E. Nanoparticle-Loaded Protein–Polymer Nanodroplets for Improved Stability and Conversion Efficiency in Ultrasound Imaging and Drug Delivery. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27 , 5484– 5492, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502022

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

220

Nanoparticle-Loaded Protein-Polymer Nanodroplets for Improved Stability and Conversion Efficiency in Ultrasound Imaging and Drug Delivery

Lee, Jeong Yu; Carugo, Dario; Crake, Calum; Owen, Joshua; de Saint Victor, Marie; Seth, Anjali; Coussios, Constantin; Stride, Eleanor

Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2015), 27 (37), 5484-5492CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

A new formulation of volatile nanodroplets stabilized by a protein and polymer coating and loaded with magnetic nanoparticles is developed. The droplets show enhanced stability and phase conversion efficiency upon ultrasound exposure compared with existing formulations. Magnetic targeting, encapsulation, and release of an anticancer drug are demonstrated in vitro with a 40% improvement in cytotoxicity compared with free drug.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtlWgsL%252FP&md5=e2d15298939662d9e5e6943fc194af3d

221

Zhu, L. ; Zhao, H. ; Zhou, Z. ; Xia, Y. ; Wang, Z. ; Ran, H. ; Li, P. ; Ren, J. Peptide-Functionalized Phase-Transformation Nanoparticles for Low Intensity Focused Ultrasound-Assisted Tumor Imaging and Therapy. Nano Lett. 2018, 18 , 1831– 1841, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05087

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

221

Peptide-Functionalized Phase-Transformation Nanoparticles for Low Intensity Focused Ultrasound-Assisted Tumor Imaging and Therapy

Zhu, Lei Lei; Zhao, Hong Yun; Zhou, Zhi Yi; Xia, Yong Hong; Wang, Zhi Gang; Ran, Hai Tao; Li, Pan; Ren, Jian Li

Nano Letters (2018), 18 (3), 1831-1841CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)

In this study, we successfully developed novel tumor homing-penetrating peptide-functionalized drug-loaded phase-transformation nanoparticles (tLyP-1-10-HCPT-PFP NPs) for low intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU)-assisted tumor ultrasound mol. imaging and precise therapy. With the nanoscale particle size, tLyP-1-10-HCPT-PFP NPs could pass through the tumor vascular endothelial cell gap. Induced by tLyP-1 peptide with targeting and penetrating efficiency, tLyP-1-10-HCPT-PFP NPs could increase tumor accumulation and penetrate deeply into the extravascular tumor tissue, penetrating through extracellular matrix and the cellular membrane to the cytoplasm. With LIFU assistance, tLyP-1-10-HCPT-PFP NPs could phase-transform into microbubbles and enhance tumor ultrasound mol. imaging for tumor diagnosis. Furthermore, after further irradn. by LIFU, an intracellular "explosion effect" caused by acoustic droplet vaporization, ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction, and release of 10-HCPT could realize physicochem. synergistic antitumor therapy.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXisFaks7s%253D&md5=584640e2f3ea37ad7d6e28adb44f6399

222

Chen, C. C. ; Sheeran, P. S. ; Wu, S.-Y. ; Olumolade, O. O. ; Dayton, P. A. ; Konofagou, E. E. Targeted Drug Delivery with Focused Ultrasound-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Opening Using Acoustically-Activated Nanodroplets. J. Controlled Release 2013, 172 , 795– 804, DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.09.025

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

222

Targeted drug delivery with focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening using acoustically-activated nanodroplets

Chen, Cherry C.; Sheeran, Paul S.; Wu, Shih-Ying; Olumolade, Oluyemi O.; Dayton, Paul A.; Konofagou, Elisa E.

Journal of Controlled Release (2013), 172 (3), 795-804CODEN: JCREEC; ISSN:0168-3659. (Elsevier B.V.)

Focused ultrasound (FUS) in the presence of systemically administered microbubbles has been shown to locally, transiently and reversibly increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), thus allowing targeted delivery of therapeutic agents in the brain for the treatment of central nervous system diseases. Currently, microbubbles are the only agents that have been used to facilitate the FUS-induced BBB opening. However, they are constrained within the intravascular space due to their micron-size diams., limiting the delivery effect at or near the microvessels. In the present study, acoustically-activated nanodroplets were used as a new class of contrast agents to mediate FUS-induced BBB opening in order to study the feasibility of utilizing these nanoscale phase-shift particles for targeted drug delivery in the brain. Significant dextran delivery was achieved in the mouse hippocampus using nanodroplets at clin. relevant pressures. Passive cavitation detection was used in the attempt to establish a correlation between the amt. of dextran delivered in the brain and the acoustic emission recorded during sonication. Conventional microbubbles with the same lipid shell compn. and perfluorobutane core as the nanodroplets were also used to compare the efficiency of an FUS-induced dextran delivery. It was found that nanodroplets had a higher BBB opening pressure threshold but a lower stable cavitation threshold than microbubbles, suggesting that contrast agent-dependent acoustic emission monitoring was needed. A more homogeneous dextran delivery within the targeted hippocampus was achieved using nanodroplets without inducing inertial cavitation or compromising safety. Our results offered a new means of developing the FUS-induced BBB opening technol. for potential extravascular targeted drug delivery in the brain, extending the potential drug delivery region beyond the cerebral vasculature.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhvFOjt7nM&md5=9299700bbc40aaa2d42adfabb784e4b5

223

Zhang, B. ; Wu, H. ; Goel, L. ; Kim, H. ; Peng, C. ; Kim, J. ; Dayton, P. A. ; Gao, Y. ; Jiang, X. Magneto-Sonothrombolysis with Combination of Magnetic Microbubbles and Nanodroplets. Ultrasonics 2021, 116 , 106487, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2021.106487

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

223

Magneto-sonothrombolysis with combination of magnetic microbubbles and nanodroplets

Zhang, Bohua; Wu, Huaiyu; Goel, Leela; Kim, Howuk; Peng, Chang; Kim, Jinwook; Dayton, Paul A.; Gao, Yu; Jiang, Xiaoning

Ultrasonics (2021), 116 (), 106487CODEN: ULTRA3; ISSN:0041-624X. (Elsevier B.V.)

This paper reports a novel technique using the rotational magnetic field oscillation and low-intensity sub-megahertz ultrasound stimulation of magnetic microbubbles (MMBs) to promote the nanodroplets (NDs) phase transition and improve the permeation of NDs into the blood clot fibrin network to enhance the sonothrombolysis efficiency. In this study, the influence of different treatment methods with a combination of MMBs and NDs on the thrombolysis rate of both unretracted and retracted clots were investigated, including the stable and inertial cavitation, tPA effects, MMBs/NDs concn. ratio, sonication factors (input voltage, duty cycle) and rotational magnetic field factors (flux d., frequency). We demonstrated that tPA-mediated magneto-sonothrombolysis in combining NDs with MMBs could significantly enhance in vitro lysis of both unretracted clots (85 ± 8.3%) and retracted clots (57 ± 6.5%) in a flow model with 30 min treatment. The results showed that the combination of MMBs and NDs substantially improves in vitro lysis of blood clots with an unprecedented lysis rate.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXisVSnsr7J&md5=4ecd9b55fe1fbf52c52372bcff0437bb

224

Guo, S. ; Guo, X. ; Wang, X. ; Zhou, D. ; Du, X. ; Han, M. ; Zong, Y. ; Wan, M. Reduced Clot Debris Size in Sonothrombolysis Assisted with Phase-Change Nanodroplets. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2019, 54 , 183– 191, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.02.001

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

224

Reduced clot debris size in sonothrombolysis assisted with phase-change nanodroplets

Guo, Shifang; Guo, Xuyan; Wang, Xin; Zhou, Di; Du, Xuan; Han, Meng; Zong, Yujin; Wan, Mingxi

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry (2019), 54 (), 183-191CODEN: ULSOER; ISSN:1350-4177. (Elsevier B.V.)

Thrombosis-related diseases such as stroke, deep vein thrombosis, and others represent leading causes of mortality and morbidity around the globe. Current clin. thrombolytic treatments are limited by either slow reperfusion (drugs) or invasiveness (catheters) and carry significant risks of bleeding. High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been demonstrated to be a non-pharmacol., non-invasive but yet efficient thrombolytic approach. However, clin. concerns still remain related to the clot debris produced via fragmentation of the original clot potentially being too large and hence occluding downstream vessels, causing hazardous emboli. In this study, we introduced phase-change nanodroplets into pulse HIFU-mediated thrombolysis. The size distribution of the clot debris generated in sonothrombolysis with and without nanodroplets was compared. The effects of nanodroplet concn., acoustic power and pulse repetition frequency on the clot debris size were further evaluated. It was found that the vol. percentage of the large clot debris particles (above 10μm in diam.) was smaller and the av. diam. of the clot debris reduced significantly in nanodroplets-assisted sonothrombolysis. The stable cavitation dose was higher in sonothrombolysis without nanodroplets but the inertial cavitation dose showed no significant differences under two conditions. Besides, the av. diam. decreased with increasing nanodroplet concn. and acoustic power when calcd. by no. percentage, but was found to be similar when calcd. by vol. percentage. In addn., the no. percentage of the clot debris above 30μm was demonstrated to be larger upon applying a higher pulse repetition frequency. Taken in concert, this study demonstrated that the introduction of phase-change nanodroplets could provide a safer sonothrombolysis method by reducing the overall clot debris size.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXjt1WgtLc%253D&md5=756ed75679a364fcb1f092190d68049a

225

Loskutova, K. ; Grishenkov, D. ; Ghorbani, M. Review on Acoustic Droplet Vaporization in Ultrasound Diagnostics and Therapeutics. BioMed Res. Int. 2019, 2019 , 1– 20, DOI: 10.1155/2019/9480193

226

Huang, Y. ; Vezeridis, A. M. ; Wang, J. ; Wang, Z. ; Thompson, M. ; Mattrey, R. F. ; Gianneschi, N. C. Polymer-Stabilized Perfluorobutane Nanodroplets for Ultrasound Imaging Agents. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139 , 15– 18, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08800

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

226

Polymer-Stabilized Perfluorobutane Nanodroplets for Ultrasound Imaging Agents

Huang, Yuran; Vezeridis, Alexander M.; Wang, James; Wang, Zhao; Thompson, Matthew; Mattrey, Robert F.; Gianneschi, Nathan C.

Journal of the American Chemical Society (2017), 139 (1), 15-18CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)

A method is described for the stabilization of low-b.p. perfluorocarbons (PFCs) at physiol. temps. by an amphiphilic triblock copolymer which can emulsify PFCs and be crosslinked. After UV-induced thiol-ene crosslinking, the core of the PFC emulsion remains in liq. form even at temps. exceeding their b.ps. Critically, the formulation permits vaporization at rarefactional pressures relevant for clin. ultrasound.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XitFKksrnF&md5=fbbfe23208e435c76c5523bf0d5389fa

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Rapoport, N. Y. ; Kennedy, A. M. ; Shea, J. E. ; Scaife, C. L. ; Nam, K. H. Controlled and Targeted Tumor Chemotherapy by Ultrasound-Activated Nanoemulsions/microbubbles. J. Controlled Release 2009, 138 , 268– 276, DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.05.026

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227

Controlled and targeted tumor chemotherapy by ultrasound-activated nanoemulsions/microbubbles

Rapoport, Natalya Y.; Kennedy, Anne M.; Shea, Jill E.; Scaife, Courtney L.; Nam, Kweon-Ho

Journal of Controlled Release (2009), 138 (3), 268-276CODEN: JCREEC; ISSN:0168-3659. (Elsevier B.V.)

The paper reports the results of nanotherapy of ovarian, breast, and pancreatic cancerous tumors by paclitaxel-loaded nanoemulsions that convert into microbubbles locally in tumor tissue under the action of tumor-directed therapeutic ultrasound. Tumor accumulation of nanoemulsions was confirmed by ultrasound imaging. Dramatic regression of ovarian, breast, and orthotopic pancreatic tumors was obsd. in tumor therapy through systemic injections of drug-loaded nanoemulsions combined with therapeutic ultrasound, signifying efficient ultrasound-triggered drug release from tumor-accumulated nanodroplets. The mechanism of drug release in the process of droplet-to-bubble conversion is discussed. No therapeutic effect from the nanodroplet/ultrasound combination was obsd. without the drug, indicating that therapeutic effect was caused by the ultrasound-enhanced chemotherapeutic action of the tumor-targeted drug, rather than the mech. or thermal action of ultrasound itself. Tumor recurrence was obsd. after the completion of the first treatment round; a second treatment round with the same regimen proved less effective, suggesting that drug-resistant cells were either developed or selected during the first treatment round.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXpvFCmtro%253D&md5=8417345aecba59ac21eed918cc2384c4

228

Sheeran, P. S. ; Luois, S. H. ; Mullin, L. B. ; Matsunaga, T. O. ; Dayton, P. A. Design of Ultrasonically-Activatable Nanoparticles Using Low Boiling Point Perfluorocarbons. Biomaterials 2012, 33 , 3262– 3269, DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.021

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228

Design of ultrasonically-activatable nanoparticles using low boiling point perfluorocarbons

Sheeran, Paul S.; Luois, Samantha H.; Mullin, Lee B.; Matsunaga, Terry O.; Dayton, Paul A.

Biomaterials (2012), 33 (11), 3262-3269CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)

Recently, an interest has developed in designing biomaterials for medical ultrasonics that can provide the acoustic activity of microbubbles, but with improved stability in vivo and a smaller size distribution for extravascular interrogation. One proposed alternative is the phase-change contrast agent. Phase-change contrast agents (PCCAs) consist of perfluorocarbons (PFCs) that are initially in liq. form, but can then be vaporized with acoustic energy. Crucial parameters for PCCAs include their sensitivity to acoustic energy, their size distribution, and their stability, and this manuscript provides insight into the custom design of PCCAs for balancing these parameters. Specifically, the relationship between size, thermal stability and sensitivity to ultrasound as a function of PFC b.p. and ambient temp. is illustrated. Emulsion stability and sensitivity can be 'tuned' by mixing PFCs in the gaseous state prior to condensation. Novel observations illustrate that stable droplets can be generated from PFCs with extremely low b.ps., such as octafluoropropane (b.p. -36.7 °C), which can be vaporized with acoustic parameters lower than previously obsd. Results demonstrate the potential for low b.p. PFCs as a useful new class of compds. for activatable agents, which can be tailored to the desired application.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhsFSnu7Y%253D&md5=1edcf134fd54986a67865cb7747e7603

229

Cao, Y. ; Chen, Y. ; Yu, T. ; Guo, Y. ; Liu, F. ; Yao, Y. ; Li, P. ; Wang, D. ; Wang, Z. ; Chen, Y. ; Ran, H. Drug Release from Phase-Changeable Nanodroplets Triggered by Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound. Theranostics 2018, 8 , 1327– 1339, DOI: 10.7150/thno.21492

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229

Drug release from phase-changeable nanodroplets triggered by low-intensity focused ultrasound

Cao, Yang; Chen, Yuli; Yu, Tao; Guo, Yuan; Liu, Fengqiu; Yao, Yuanzhi; Li, Pan; Wang, Dong; Wang, Zhigang; Chen, Yu; Ran, Haitao

Theranostics (2018), 8 (5), 1327-1339CODEN: THERDS; ISSN:1838-7640. (Ivyspring International Publisher)

Background: As one of the most effective triggers with high tissue-penetrating capability and non-invasive feature, ultrasound shows great potential for controlling the drug release and enhancing the chemotherapeutic efficacy. In this study, we report, for the first time, construction of a phase-changeable drug-delivery nanosystem with programmable low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) that could trigger drug-release and significantly enhance anticancer drug delivery. Methods: Liq.-gas phase-changeable perfluorocarbon (perfluoropentane) and an anticancer drug (doxorubicin) were simultaneously encapsulated in two kinds of nanodroplets. By triggering LIFU, the nanodroplets could be converted into microbubbles locally in tumor tissues for acoustic imaging and the loaded anticancer drug (doxorubicin) was released after the microbubble collapse. Based on the acoustic property of shell materials, such as shell stiffness, two types of nanodroplets (lipid-based nanodroplets and PLGA-based nanodroplets) were activated by different acoustic pressure levels. Ultrasound irradn. duration and power of LIFU were tested and selected to monitor and control the drug release from nanodroplets. Various ultrasound energies were introduced to induce the phase transition and microbubble collapse of nanodroplets in vitro (3 W/3 min for lipid nanodroplets; 8 W/3 min for PLGA nanodroplets). Results: We detected three steps in the drug-releasing profiles exhibiting the programmable patterns. Importantly, the intratumoral accumulation and distribution of the drug with LIFU exposure were significantly enhanced, and tumor proliferation was substantially inhibited. Co-delivery of two drug-loaded nanodroplets could overcome the phys. barriers of tumor tissues during chemotherapy. Conclusion: Our study provides a new strategy for the efficient ultrasound-triggered chemotherapy by nanocarriers with programmable LIFU capable of achieving the on-demand drug release.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXitFKqsb7F&md5=b06b177dea49fc4b23e93a2ab0e0f4e3

230

Aliabouzar, M. ; Kripfgans, O. D. ; Wang, W. Y. ; Baker, B. M. ; Brian Fowlkes, J. ; Fabiilli, M. L. Stable and Transient Bubble Formation in Acoustically-Responsive Scaffolds by Acoustic Droplet Vaporization: Theory and Application in Sequential Release. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2021, 72 , 105430, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105430

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

230

Stable and transient bubble formation in acoustically-responsive scaffolds by acoustic droplet vaporization: theory and application in sequential release

Aliabouzar, Mitra; Kripfgans, Oliver D.; Wang, William Y.; Baker, Brendon M.; Brian Fowlkes, J.; Fabiilli, Mario L.

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry (2021), 72 (), 105430CODEN: ULSOER; ISSN:1350-4177. (Elsevier B.V.)

Acoustically-responsive scaffolds (ARSs), which are fibrin hydrogels contg. monodispersed perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions, respond to ultrasound in an on-demand, spatiotemporally-controlled manner via a mechanism termed acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV). Previously, ADV has been used to control the release of bioactive payloads from ARSs to stimulate regenerative processes. In this study, we used classical nucleation theory (CNT) to predict the nucleation pressure in emulsions of different PFC cores as well as the corresponding condensation pressure of the ADV-generated bubbles. According to CNT, the threshold bubble radii above which ADV-generated bubbles remain stable against condensation were 0.4μm and 5.2μm for perfluoropentane (PFP) and perfluorohexane (PFH) bubbles, resp., while ADV-generated bubbles of any size in perfluorooctane (PFO) condense back to liq. at ambient condition. Addnl., consistent with the CNT findings, stable bubble formation from PFH emulsion was exptl. obsd. using confocal imaging while PFO emulsion likely underwent repeated vaporization and recondensation during ultrasound pulses. In further exptl. studies, we utilized this unique feature of ADV in generating stable or transient bubbles, through tailoring the PFC core and ultrasound parameters (excitation frequency and pulse duration), for sequential delivery of two payloads from PFC emulsions in ARSs. ADV-generated stable bubbles from PFH correlated with complete release of the payload while transient ADV resulted in partial release, where the amt. of payload release increased with the no. of ultrasound exposure. Overall, these results can be used in developing drug delivery strategies using ARSs.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXkslKgtA%253D%253D&md5=18484daec9c73a963cb68592e136a9af

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Soto, F. ; Martin, A. ; Ibsen, S. ; Vaidyanathan, M. ; Garcia-Gradilla, V. ; Levin, Y. ; Escarpa, A. ; Esener, S. C. ; Wang, J. Acoustic Microcannons: Toward Advanced Microballistics. ACS Nano 2016, 10 , 1522– 1528, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07080

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231

Acoustic Microcannons: Toward Advanced Microballistics

Soto, Fernando; Martin, Aida; Ibsen, Stuart; Vaidyanathan, Mukanth; Garcia-Gradilla, Victor; Levin, Yair; Escarpa, Alberto; Esener, Sadik C.; Wang, Joseph

ACS Nano (2016), 10 (1), 1522-1528CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)

Acoustically triggered microcannons, capable of loading and firing nanobullets (Nbs), are presented as powerful microballistic tools. Hollow conically shaped microcannon structures have been synthesized electrochem. and fully loaded with nanobullets made of silica or fluorescent microspheres, and perfluorocarbon emulsions, embedded in a gel matrix stabilizer. Application of a focused ultrasound pulse leads to the spontaneous vaporization of the perfluorocarbon emulsions within the microcannon and results in the rapid ejection of the nanobullets. Such Nbs "firing" at remarkably high speeds (on the magnitude of meters per s) has been modeled theor. and demonstrated exptl. Arrays of microcannons anchored in a template membrane were used to demonstrate the efficient Nbs loading and the high penetration capabilities of the ejected Nbs in a tissue phantom gel. This acoustic-microcannon approach could be translated into advanced microscale ballistic tools, capable of efficient loading and firing of multiple cargoes, and offer improved accessibility to target locations and enhanced tissue penetration properties.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXitVGrs7fE&md5=6625688808b0285a1cc34dd97be637e3

232

Di, J. ; Price, J. ; Gu, X. ; Jiang, X. ; Jing, Y. ; Gu, Z. Ultrasound-Triggered Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels Using Injectable Nano-Network. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2014, 3 , 811– 816, DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300490

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

232

Ultrasound-Triggered Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels Using Injectable Nano-Network

Di, Jin; Price, Jennifer; Gu, Xiao; Jiang, Xiaoning; Jing, Yun; Gu, Zhen

Advanced Healthcare Materials (2014), 3 (6), 811-816CODEN: AHMDBJ; ISSN:2192-2640. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

The authors have developed a novel means of ultra- sound-triggered controlled drug delivery based on the use of an injectable nano-network. The gel-like 3D scaffold of nano-network can be effectively triggered to release insulin upon FUS-mediated administration. This system provides an unprecedented useful tool for noninvasive, rapid, and pulsatile regulation of BG levels for diabetes treatment. It can also be extended to delivery of other drugs, therapeutic proteins or peptides in an intermittent and spatiotemporal release fashion. Furthermore, this method can be integrated with an ultrasound imaging system for noninvasively monitoring degrdn. of the drug-contained formulation and facilitating the subsequent administration.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXpsVelsb4%253D&md5=c82dc586eb025685077fac4ce8d23b9e

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Mitchell, M. J. ; Billingsley, M. M. ; Haley, R. M. ; Wechsler, M. E. ; Peppas, N. A. ; Langer, R. Engineering Precision Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery 2021, 20 , 101– 124, DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0090-8

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233

Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery

Mitchell, Michael J.; Billingsley, Margaret M.; Haley, Rebecca M.; Wechsler, Marissa E.; Peppas, Nicholas A.; Langer, Robert

Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (2021), 20 (2), 101-124CODEN: NRDDAG; ISSN:1474-1776. (Nature Research)

In recent years, the development of nanoparticles has expanded into a broad range of clin. applications. Nanoparticles have been developed to overcome the limitations of free therapeutics and navigate biol. barriers systemic, microenvironmental and cellular that are heterogeneous across patient populations and diseases. Overcoming this patient heterogeneity has also been accomplished through precision therapeutics, in which personalized interventions have enhanced therapeutic efficacy. However, nanoparticle development continues to focus on optimizing delivery platforms with a one size fits all soln. As lipid based, polymeric and inorg. nanoparticles are engineered in increasingly specified ways, they can begin to be optimized for drug delivery in a more personalized manner, entering the era of precision medicine. In this Review, we discuss advanced nanoparticle designs utilized in both non personalized and precision applications that could be applied to improve precision therapies. We focus on advances in nanoparticle design that overcome heterogeneous barriers to delivery, arguing that intelligent nanoparticle design can improve efficacy in general delivery applications while enabling tailored designs for precision applications, thereby ultimately improving patient outcome overall.

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Tuziuti, T. ; Yasui, K. ; Sivakumar, M. ; Iida, Y. ; Miyoshi, N. Correlation between Acoustic Cavitation Noise and Yield Enhancement of Sonochemical Reaction by Particle Addition. J. Phys. Chem. A 2005, 109 , 4869– 4872, DOI: 10.1021/jp0503516

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

234

Correlation between Acoustic Cavitation Noise and Yield Enhancement of Sonochemical Reaction by Particle Addition

Tuziuti, Toru; Yasui, Kyuichi; Sivakumar, Manickam; Iida, Yasuo; Miyoshi, Norio

Journal of Physical Chemistry A (2005), 109 (21), 4869-4872CODEN: JPCAFH; ISSN:1089-5639. (American Chemical Society)

The mechanism of the effect of particle addn. on sonochem. reaction is studied through the measurements of frequency spectrum of sound intensity for evaluating the cavitation noise and the absorbance for the liberation of iodine from an aq. soln. of KI as an index of oxidn. reaction by ultrasonic irradn. in the presence or absence of alumina particles. As it is expected that both the acoustic noise and a rise in temp. in the liq. irradiated by intense ultrasound will increase with the no. of collapsing bubbles, these are supposed to be the best tools for evaluating the relative no. of bubbles. In the present investigation, it has been shown that the addn. of particles with appropriate amt. and size results in an increase in the absorbance when both the acoustic noise and the rise in the liq. temp. due to cavitation bubbles also increase. This suggests that the enhancement in the yield of sonochem. reaction by appropriate particle addn. comes from an increase in the no. of cavitation bubbles. The existence of particle in liq. provides a nucleation site for cavitation bubble due to its surface roughness, leading to the decrease in the cavitation threshold responsible for the increase in the no. of bubbles when the liq. is irradiated by ultrasound. Thus, from the present investigation, it is clarified that the particle addn. has a potential to enhance the yield in the sonochem. reaction.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2MXjvFKjtrs%253D&md5=aef6fae5d4d50a9623d99d48446c7453

235

Yildirim, A. ; Chattaraj, R. ; Blum, N. T. ; Goldscheitter, G. M. ; Goodwin, A. P. Stable Encapsulation of Air in Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Fluorocarbon-Free Nanoscale Ultrasound Contrast Agents. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2016, 5 , 1290– 1298, DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600030

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

235

Stable Encapsulation of Air in Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Fluorocarbon-Free Nanoscale Ultrasound Contrast Agents

Yildirim, Adem; Chattaraj, Rajarshi; Blum, Nicholas T.; Goldscheitter, Galen M.; Goodwin, Andrew P.

Advanced Healthcare Materials (2016), 5 (11), 1290-1298CODEN: AHMDBJ; ISSN:2192-2640. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

While gas-filled micrometer-sized ultrasound contrast agents vastly improve signal-to-noise ratios, microbubbles have short circulation lifetimes and poor extravasation from the blood. Previously reported fluorocarbon-based nanoscale contrast agents are more stable but their contrast is generally lower owing to their size and dispersity. The contrast agents reported here are composed of silica nanoparticles of ≈100 nm diam. that are filled with ≈3 nm columnar mesopores. Functionalization of the silica surface with octyl groups and resuspension with Pluronic F127 create particles with pores that remain filled with air but are stable in buffer and serum. Administration of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) allows sensitive imaging of the silica nanoparticles down to 1010 particles mL-1, with continuous imaging for at least 20 min. Control expts. with different silica particles supported the hypothesis that entrapped air could be pulled into bubble nuclei, which can then in turn act as acoustic scatterers. This process results in very little hemolysis in whole blood, indicating potential for nontoxic blood pool imaging. Finally, the particles are lyophilized and reconstituted or stored in PBS (phosphate-buffered saline, at least for four months) with no loss in contrast, indicating stability to storage and reformulation.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XktlKmtb4%253D&md5=74a52583e9e77c8974e09d4828d6f732

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Zhao, Y. ; Zhu, Y. ; Fu, J. ; Wang, L. Effective Cancer Cell Killing by Hydrophobic Nanovoid-Enhanced Cavitation under Safe Low-Energy Ultrasound. Chem. - Asian J. 2014, 9 , 790– 796, DOI: 10.1002/asia.201301333

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

236

Effective Cancer Cell Killing by Hydrophobic Nanovoid-Enhanced Cavitation under Safe Low-Energy Ultrasound

Zhao, Yang; Zhu, Yingchun; Fu, Jingke; Wang, Lianzhou

Chemistry - An Asian Journal (2014), 9 (3), 790-796CODEN: CAAJBI; ISSN:1861-4728. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD)-capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles with hydrophobic internal nanovoids were prepd. and used for effective cancer cell killing in synergistic combination with low-energy ultrasound (≤1.0 W cm-2, 1 MHz). The water-dispersible nanoparticles with hydrophobic internal nanovoids can be taken up by cancer cells and subsequently evoke a remarkable cavitation effect under irradn. with mild low-energy ultrasound (≤1.0 W cm-2, 1 MHz). A significant cancer cell killing effect was obsd. in cancer cells and in a mouse xenograft tumor model treated with the nanoagents together with the low-energy ultrasound, showing a distinct dependence on the concn. of nanoagents and ultrasound intensity. By contrast, an antitumor effect was not obsd. when either low-energy ultrasound or nanoagents were applied alone. These findings are significant as the technique promises a safe, low-cost, and effective treatment for cancer therapy.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhvFSktL3O&md5=7078234e33e65fbfb1cc989604765fe5

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Gu, F. ; Hu, C. ; Xia, Q. ; Gong, C. ; Gao, S. ; Chen, Z. Aptamer-Conjugated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes As a New Targeted Ultrasound Contrast Agent for the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer. J. Nanopart. Res. 2018, 20 , 303, DOI: 10.1007/s11051-018-4407-z

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

237

Aptamer-conjugated multi-walled carbon nanotubes as a new targeted ultrasound contrast agent for the diagnosis of prostate cancer

Gu Fenfen; Gu Fenfen; Hu Chuling; Xia Qingming; Gong Chunai; Gao Shen; Chen Zhongjian; Hu Chuling; Chen Zhongjian

Journal of nanoparticle research : an interdisciplinary forum for nanoscale science and technology (2018), 20 (11), 303 ISSN:1388-0764.

Early diagnosis is primarily important for the therapeutic and prognostic outcomes of malignancies including prostate cancer (PCa). However, the visuality and veracity of ultrasound imaging for the diagnosis and prognostic prediction of PCa remains poor at present. In this study, we developed a new nanoultrasound contrast agent by modifying multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and anti-PSMA aptamer. The result showed that the modified MWCNTs offered better visuality and veracity and were able to target PCa cells more effectively as compared with the traditional contrast agent. The zeta potential was about - 38 mv. The length of this contrast agent was about 400 nm and the diameter of it was about 30 nm. The zeta potential, TEM, and FT-IR all proved the successful preparation of the agent. The vitro cytological study revealed good cell uptake and biocompatibility of the new contrast agent. The minimum detection concentration in vitro is 10 μg/ml. The earliest stage of the detection was under the parameters of frequency = 6.0 MHz and medical index = 0.06. Both in vitro and in vivo ultrasound imaging demonstrated that the new nanoultrasound contrast agent had a good development effect, distribution, and metabolism, and may prove to be a good targeted ultrasound contrast agent, especially for PCa.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3crpsVOhug%253D%253D&md5=c5c5384cc67e868b9773538cff41df97

238

Sazgarnia, A. ; Shanei, A. ; Taheri, A. R. ; Meibodi, N. T. ; Eshghi, H. ; Attaran, N. ; Shanei, M. M. Therapeutic Effects of Acoustic Cavitation in the Presence of Gold Nanoparticles on a Colon Tumor Model. J. Ultrasound Med. 2013, 32 , 475– 483, DOI: 10.7863/jum.2013.32.3.475

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

238

Therapeutic effects of acoustic cavitation in the presence of gold nanoparticles on a colon tumor model

Sazgarnia Ameneh; Shanei Ahmad; Taheri Ahmad Reza; Meibodi Naser Tayyebi; Eshghi Hossein; Attaran Neda; Shanei Mohammad Mahdi

Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (2013), 32 (3), 475-83 ISSN:.

OBJECTIVES: Acoustic cavitation can be fatal to cells and is used to destroy cancerous tumors. The particles in a liquid decrease the ultrasonic intensity threshold needed for onset of cavitation. Bubble generation from intense pulsed light-irradiated gold nanoparticles was investigated as a means of providing nucleation sites for acoustic cavitation in cancer tissues. METHODS: This study was conducted on colon carcinoma tumors in BALB/c mice. The tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into 7 groups (each containing 15 mice): (1) control, (2) gold nanoparticles, (3) intense pulsed light irradiation, (4) intense pulsed light + gold nanoparticles, (5) ultrasound alone, (6) ultrasound + gold nanoparticles, and (7) intense pulsed light + ultrasound + gold nanoparticles. In the respective groups, gold nanoparticles were injected into tumors. Intense pulsed light and ultrasound irradiation were performed on the tumors 24 hours after injection. Antitumor effects were estimated by evaluation of the relative tumor volume, doubling time, and 5-folding time for tumors after treatment. The cumulative survival fraction of the mice and percentage of the lost tissue volume (treated) were also assessed in different groups. RESULTS: A significant difference in the average relative tumor volumes 15 days after treatment was found between the intense pulsed light + ultrasound + gold nanoparticle group and the other groups (P < .05). The longest doubling and 5-folding times were observed in the intense pulsed light + ultrasound + gold nanoparticles and ultrasound + gold nanoparticle groups. CONCLUSIONS: Acoustic cavitation in the presence of gold nanoparticles and intense pulsed light has been introduced as a new way for improving therapeutic effects on tumors by reducing the relative tumor volume and increasing the cumulative survival fraction.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC3svhslajuw%253D%253D&md5=28d2af5389b98f5a65ad618479e1a060

239

Santos, M. A. ; Goertz, D. E. ; Hynynen, K. Focused Ultrasound Hyperthermia Mediated Drug Delivery Using Thermosensitive Liposomes and Visualized with in Vivo Two-Photon Microscopy. Theranostics 2017, 7 , 2718– 2731, DOI: 10.7150/thno.19662

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

239

Focused ultrasound hyperthermia mediated drug delivery using thermosensitive liposomes and visualized with in vivo two-photon microscopy

Santos, Marc A.; Goertz, David E.; Hynynen, Kullervo

Theranostics (2017), 7 (10), 2718-2731CODEN: THERDS; ISSN:1838-7640. (Ivyspring International Publisher)

The future of nanomedicines in oncol. requires leveraging more than just the passive drug accumulation in tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Promising results combining mild hyperthermia (HT) with lyso-thermosensitive liposomal doxorubicin (LTSL-DOX) has led to improved drug delivery and potent antitumor effects in pre-clin. studies. The ultimate patient benefit from these treatments can only be realized when robust methods of HT can be achieved clin. One of the most promising methods of non-invasive HT is the use of focused ultrasound (FUS) with MRI thermometry for anatomical targeting and feedback. MRI-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is limited by respiratory motion and large blood vessel cooling. In order to translate exciting pre-clin. results to the clinic, novel heating approaches capable of overcoming the limitations on clin. MRgFUS + HT must be tested and evaluated on their ability to locally release drug from LTSL-DOX. In this work, a new system is described to integrate focused ultrasound (FUS) into a two-photon microscopy (2PM) setting to image the release of drug from LTSL-DOX in real-time during FUS + HT in vivo. A candidate scheme for overcoming the limitations of respiratory motion and large blood vessel cooling during MRgFUS + HT involves applying FUS + HT to 42°C in short ∼30s bursts. The spatiotemporal drug release pattern from LTSL-DOX as a result is quantified using 2PM and compared against continuous (3.5min and 20min at 42°C) FUS + HT schemes and unheated controls. It was obsd. for the first time in vivo that these short duration temp. elevations could produce substantial drug release from LTSL-DOX. Ten 30s bursts of FUS + HT was able to achieve almost half of the interstitial drug concn. as 20min of continuous FUS + HT. There was no significant difference between the intravascular area under the concn.-time curve for ten 30s bursts of FUS + HT and 3.5min of continuous FUS + HT. We have successfully combined 2PM with FUS + HT for imaging the release of DOX from LTSL-DOX in vivo in real-time, which will permit the investigation of FUS + HT heating schemes to improve drug delivery from LTSL-DOX. We have evaluated the ability to release DOX in short 30s FUS + HT bursts to 42°C as a method to overcome limitations on clin. MRgFUS + HT and have found that such exposures are capable of releasing measurable amts. of drug. Such an exposure has the potential to overcome limitations that hamper conventional MRgFUS + HT treatments in targets that are assocd. with substantial tissue motion.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXitVWgs7zE&md5=5f5d0e9f795f67cf8e0815e434559295

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Huang, S.-L. Liposomes in Ultrasonic Drug and Gene Delivery. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2008, 60 , 1167– 1176, DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.03.003

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240

Liposomes in ultrasonic drug and gene delivery

Huang, Shao-Ling

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (2008), 60 (10), 1167-1176CODEN: ADDREP; ISSN:0169-409X. (Elsevier B.V.)

A review. Liposome-based drug and gene delivery systems have potential for significant roles in a variety of therapeutic applications. Recently, liposomes were used to entrap gas and drugs for ultrasound-controlled drug release and ultrasound-enhanced drug delivery. Echogenic liposomes were produced by different prepn. methods, including lyophilization, pressurization, and biotin-avidin binding. Presently, significant in vivo applications of liposomal ultrasound-based drug and gene delivery are being made in cardiac disease, stroke and tumor therapy. Translation of these vehicles into the clinic will require a better understanding of improved phys. properties to avoid rapid clearance, as well as of possible side effects, including those of the ultrasound. The aim of this review is to provide orientation for new researchers in the area of ultrasound-enhanced liposome drug and gene delivery.

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Chen, W. ; Du, J. Ultrasound and pH Dually Responsive Polymer Vesicles for Anticancer Drug Delivery. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3 , 2162, DOI: 10.1038/srep02162

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241

Ultrasound and pH dually responsive polymer vesicles for anticancer drug delivery

Chen Wenqin; Du Jianzhong

Scientific reports (2013), 3 (), 2162 ISSN:.

Recently, smart polymer vesicles have attracted increasing interest due to their endless potential applications such as tunable delivery vehicles for the treatment of degenerative diseases. However, the evolution of stimuli-responsive vesicles from bench to bedside still seems far away for the limitations of current stimuli forms such as temperature, light, redox, etc. Since ultrasound combined with chemotherapy has been widely used in tumor treatment and the pH in tumor tissues is relatively low, we designed herein a novel polymer vesicle that respond to both physical (ultrasound) and chemical (pH) stimuli based on a PEO-b-P(DEA-stat-TMA) block copolymer, where PEO is short for poly(ethylene oxide), DEA for 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and TMA for (2-tetrahydrofuranyloxy)ethyl methacrylate. These dually responsive vesicles show noncytotoxicity below 250 μg/mL and can encapsulate anticancer drugs, exhibiting retarded release profile and controllable release rate when subjected to ultrasound radiation or varying pH in tris buffer at 37°C.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC3sjoslyisw%253D%253D&md5=94b91b6af74d0adf58aa83add3206c11

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Wei, P. ; Sun, M. ; Yang, B. ; Xiao, J. ; Du, J. Ultrasound-Responsive Polymersomes Capable of Endosomal Escape for Efficient Cancer Therapy. J. Controlled Release 2020, 322 , 81– 94, DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.03.013

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242

Ultrasound-responsive polymersomes capable of endosomal escape for efficient cancer therapy

Wei, Ping; Sun, Min; Yang, Bo; Xiao, Jiangang; Du, Jianzhong

Journal of Controlled Release (2020), 322 (), 81-94CODEN: JCREEC; ISSN:0168-3659. (Elsevier B.V.)

Stimuli-responsive anticancer drug delivery vehicles have attracted increasing attention in nanomedicine. However, controlled drug release in vivo is still an important challenge, as traditional stimuli lack maneuverability. To solve this problem, we designed an ultrasound and pH-responsive polymersome by self-assembly of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-stat-poly(methoxyethyl methacrylate) [PEO-b-P(DEA-stat-MEMA)], where PEO acts as the corona-forming block, DEA acts as the endosomal escape segment, and MEMA acts as the ultrasound-responsive segment. This strategy combines the advantages of noninvasive ultrasonic stimulus which can be applied from outside to any organ regardless of depth, and the weakly acidic microenvironment of tumor tissue. In vitro expts. confirmed excellent endosomal escape ability, on-demand drug release behavior, low cytotoxicity, and high intracellular delivery efficiency of polymersomes. In vivo antitumor tests revealed that in the presence of sonication, the anticancer drug was released at an accelerated rate from these ultrasound-responsive polymersomes, and the DOX-loaded polymersomes + sonication group significantly inhibited tumor growth (95% redn. in tumor mass) without any side effects. Overall, this ultrasound-responsive polymersome provides us with a fresh insight into designing next-generation stimuli-responsive drug carriers with better maneuverability and higher chemotherapeutic efficiency.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXltF2ms78%253D&md5=a43265932b0d19ebfdd0defa57d74015

243

Husseini, G. A. ; Christensen, D. A. ; Rapoport, N. Y. ; Pitt, W. G. Ultrasonic Release of Doxorubicin from Pluronic P105 Micelles Stabilized with an Interpenetrating Network of N, N-diethylacrylamide. J. Controlled Release 2002, 83 , 303– 305, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-3659(02)00203-1

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

243

Ultrasonic release of doxorubicin from Pluronic P105 micelles stabilized with an interpenetrating network of N,N-diethylacrylamide

Husseini, Ghaleb A.; Christensen, Douglas A.; Rapoport, Natalya Y.; Pitt, William G.

Journal of Controlled Release (2002), 83 (2), 303-305CODEN: JCREEC; ISSN:0168-3659. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)

Pluronic P105 micelles sequester hydrophobic drugs and release them upon insonation with low frequency ultrasound; however these micelles dissolve relatively quickly upon diln. The objective of this research was to det. whether stabilization of these micelles would compromise their ability to sequester and release drug. P105 micelles were stabilized with an interpenetrating network of poly (N,N-diethylacrylamide), and ultrasonically-activated release of doxorubicin (Dox) was measured by a fluorescence technique. Results showed that stabilized micelles sequestered the Dox and released it upon insonation at 70 kHz. The amt. released was not significantly different from that released from P105 micelles (P=0.481), and the drug re-encapsulation upon cessation of insonation was complete. This system has potential for controlled drug delivery to insonated tissues in vivo.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38Xntlymtb4%253D&md5=da95aefc4b0582dca27c89d5c75c0dd0

244

Wu, P. ; Jia, Y. ; Qu, F. ; Sun, Y. ; Wang, P. ; Zhang, K. ; Xu, C. ; Liu, Q. ; Wang, X. Ultrasound-Responsive Polymeric Micelles for Sonoporation-Assisted Site-Specific Therapeutic Action. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9 , 25706– 25716, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05469

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

244

Ultrasound-Responsive Polymeric Micelles for Sonoporation-Assisted Site-Specific Therapeutic Action

Wu, Pengying; Jia, Yali; Qu, Fei; Sun, Yue; Wang, Pan; Zhang, Kun; Xu, Chuanshan; Liu, Quanhong; Wang, Xiaobing

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2017), 9 (31), 25706-25716CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)

Targeting drug delivery remains a challenge in various disease treatment including cancer. The local drug deposit could be greatly enhanced by some external stimuli-responsive systems. Here we develop pluronic P123/F127 polymeric micelles (M) encapsulating curcumin (Cur) that are permeabilized directly by focused ultrasound, in which ultrasound triggers drug release. Tumor preferential accumulation and site-specific sonochemotherapy were then evaluated. Cur-loaded P123/F127 mixed micelles (Cur-M) exhibited longer circulating time and increased cellular uptake compared to free Cur. With the assistance of focused ultrasound treatment, Cur-M showed tumor-targeting deposition in a time-dependent manner following systemic administration. This was due to enhanced permeabilization of tumor regions and increased penetration of Cur-M in irradiated tumor cells by ultrasound sonoporation. Furthermore, Cur-M self-assembly could be regulated by ultrasound irradn. In vitro Cur release from mixed micelles was greatly dependent on ultrasound intensity but not on duration, suggesting the cavitational threshold was necessary to initiate subsequent sonochemotherapy. In vivo site-specific drug release was demonstrated in dual-tumor models, which showed spatial-temporal release of entrapped drugs following intratumoral injection. The sonoporation-assisted site-specific chemotherapy significantly inhibited tumor growth and the decrease in tumor wt. was approx. 6.5-fold more than without exposure to ultrasound irradn. In conclusion, the established ultrasound-guided nanomedicine targeting deposit and local release may represent a new strategy to improve chemotherapy efficiency.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXht1WksrfJ&md5=b2daf800f576c0fc395e4b1652ffc256

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Marin, A. ; Sun, H. ; Husseini, G. A. ; Pitt, W. G. ; Christensen, D. A. ; Rapoport, N. Y. Drug Delivery in Pluronic Micelles: Effect of High-Frequency Ultrasound on Drug Release from Micelles and Intracellular Uptake. J. Controlled Release 2002, 84 , 39– 47, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-3659(02)00262-6

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245

Drug delivery in pluronic micelles: effect of high-frequency ultrasound on drug release from micelles and intracellular uptake

Marin, Alexandre; Sun, Hao; Husseini, Ghaleb A.; Pitt, William G.; Christensen, Douglas A.; Rapoport, Natalya Y.

Journal of Controlled Release (2002), 84 (1-2), 39-47CODEN: JCREEC; ISSN:0168-3659. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)

The effect of high-frequency ultrasound on doxorubicin (DOX) release from Pluronic micelles and intracellular DOX uptake was studied for promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells, ovarian carcinoma drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant (MDR) cells (A2780 and A2780/ADR, resp.), and breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Cavitation events initiated by high-frequency ultrasound were recorded by radical trapping. The onset of transient cavitation and DOX release from micelles were obsd. at much higher power densities than at low-frequency ultrasound (20-100 kHz). Even a short (15-30 s) exposure to high-frequency ultrasound significantly enhanced the intracellular DOX uptake from PBS, RPMI 1640, and Pluronic micelles. The mechanisms of the obsd. effects are discussed.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38XnvFOnsrg%253D&md5=3e7405608fe52010127f6438a42619e8

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Husseini, G. A. ; Diaz De La Rosa, M. A. ; Richardson, E. S. ; Christensen, D. A. ; Pitt, W. G. The Role of Cavitation in Acoustically Activated Drug Delivery. J. Controlled Release 2005, 107 , 253– 261, DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.06.015

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246

The role of cavitation in acoustically activated drug delivery

Husseini, Ghaleb A.; Diaz de la Rosa, Mario A.; Richardson, Eric S.; Christensen, Douglas A.; Pitt, William G.

Journal of Controlled Release (2005), 107 (2), 253-261CODEN: JCREEC; ISSN:0168-3659. (Elsevier B.V.)

Pluronic P105 micelles are potential candidates as chemotherapy drug delivery vehicles using ultrasonic stimulation as a release trigger. Acoustic power has been previously shown to release two anthracycline agents from these polymeric carriers. In this study, an ultrasonic exposure chamber with fluorescence detection was used to examine the mechanism of doxorubicin release from P105 micelles. Acoustic spectra were collected and analyzed, at the same spatial position as fluorescence data, to probe the role of cavitation in drug release. The authors' study showed a strong correlation between percent drug release and subharmonic acoustic emissions, and they attribute the drug release to collapse cavitation that perturbs the structure of the micelle and releases drug.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2MXhtVShtr7L&md5=9fc033d6e6db4be101b06da9563179cd

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Marin, A. ; Muniruzzaman, M. ; Rapoport, N. Acoustic Activation of Drug Delivery from Polymeric Micelles: Effect of Pulsed Ultrasound. J. Controlled Release 2001, 71 , 239– 249, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-3659(01)00216-4

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

247

Acoustic activation of drug delivery from polymeric micelles: effect of pulsed ultrasound

Marin, A.; Muniruzzaman, M.; Rapoport, N.

Journal of Controlled Release (2001), 71 (3), 239-249CODEN: JCREEC; ISSN:0168-3659. (Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.)

The effect of a continuous wave (CW) and pulsed 20-kHz ultrasound on the Doxorubicin (DOX) uptake by HL-60 cells from the phosphate buffered saline soln. (PBS) and Pluronic micellar solns. was studied. Both CW and pulsed ultrasound enhanced DOX uptake from PBS and Pluronic micelles. The main factor that effected drug uptake was ultrasound power d.; however, with increasing power, the enhanced drug uptake was accompanied by the extensive cell sonolysis. For PBS, no significant effect of duration of the ultrasound pulse or inter-pulse interval on the drug uptake was obsd. For Pluronic micelles, the uptake increased with increasing pulse duration in the range 0.1-2 s, overall sonication time being the same. For 2-s pulses, the uptake was close to that under CW ultrasound. There was no significant effect of the duration of the inter-pulse interval on the drug uptake from Pluronic micelles. The data on the effect of pulse duration on drug uptake suggest that the characteristic times of drug release from micelles and drug uptake by the cells are comparable. The results point to two independent mechanisms controlling acoustic activation of drug uptake from Pluronic micelles. Both mechanisms work in concert. The first one is related to the acoustically-triggered drug release from micelles that results in higher concn. of the free drug in the incubation medium. The second mechanism is based on the perturbation of cell membranes that results in the increased uptake of the micellar-encapsulated drug. The intracellular uptake of Pluronic micelles was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3MXitlOhsro%253D&md5=60aff9899f1bf750f5deb84b8d67c388

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Yang, B. ; Du, J. On the Origin and Regulation of Ultrasound Responsiveness of Block Copolymer Nanoparticles. Sci. China: Chem. 2020, 63 , 272– 281, DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9612-8

[Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar

248

On the origin and regulation of ultrasound responsiveness of block copolymer nanoparticles

Yang, Bo; Du, Jianzhong

Science China: Chemistry (2020), 63 (2), 272-281CODEN: SCCCCS; ISSN:1869-1870. (Science China Press)

In this article, we disclose the origin and the key regulating factors of ultrasound responsiveness of block copolymer nanoparticles such as simple vesicles, framboidal vesicles, lamellae, beads-like micelles and complex micelles that are self-assembled from a range of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-polymethacrylates based model copolymers. We discover that the intrinsic ultrasound responsiveness of block copolymer nanoparticles thermodynamically originates from their metastable states, and its expression kinetically relates to the mobility of the hydrophobic segments of block copolymers. Specifically, the self-assembly temp. (Ts) that has been usually considered as a less important factor in most of macromol. self-assembly systems, and the solvents for the selfassembly are two dominant regulating factors of the ultrasound responsiveness. By contrast, thermodynamically stable solid nanoparticles such as spherical micelles and lamellae (mainly formed in DMF/water) are not sensitive to ultrasound at all, neither are the vesicles in THF/water at stable states when the Ts is highly above Tg. In addn., we unravel that the responsive rate is highly dependent on the sonication temp. (Tu), i.e., the higher the Tu, the faster the rate. Overall, the above important findings provide us with a fresh insight into how to design ultrasound-responsive nanoparticles and may open new avenues for synthesizing drug carriers.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhvFyhsrzP&md5=909b91391e9cc926a7e6c3ccffbab0c2

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Zhang, H. ; Xia, H. ; Wang, J. ; Li, Y. High Intensity Focused Ultrasound-Responsive Release Behavior of Pla-b-peg Copolymer Micelles. J. Controlled Release 2009, 139 , 31– 39, DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.05.037

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

249

High intensity focused ultrasound-responsive release behavior of PLA-b-PEG copolymer micelles

Zhang, Hongji; Xia, Hesheng; Wang, Jie; Li, Yongwen

Journal of Controlled Release (2009), 139 (1), 31-39CODEN: JCREEC; ISSN:0168-3659. (Elsevier B.V.)

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was synthesized by soln. polycondensation of L-lactic acid and further reacted with dihydroxyl poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to obtain the amphiphilic block copolymer PLA-b-PEG. The biodegradable PLA-b-PEG copolymer can self-assemble into spherical micelles in aq. soln. Nile Red, as a payload model, was used to examine the release behavior of the micelles. The hydrophobic Nile Red can be adsolubilized into the hydrophobic inner core of PLA-b-PEG micelles. With the introduction of Nile Red, the size of micelles increased. Moreover, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), as a non-contact and remote control approach, was introduced to control the release behavior of PLA-b-PEG micelles contg. Nile Red. The release behavior of Nile Red was monitored by fluorescence emission spectra. The results showed that HIFU can trigger the release of the encapsulated Nile Red from PLA-b-PEG micelles. By adjusting the HIFU time, intensity and location, the release behavior of Nile Red from micelles can be tuned. Base on the results, an irreversible release mechanism under HIFU was proposed. The irreversible release of Nile Red from the PLA-b-PEG micelle was attributed to a chem. breaking process of micelle structure due to the degrdn. of the PLA-b-PEG chain that resulted from the transient cavitation in the HIFU focal spot.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXhtVGrtb3P&md5=34698b57408b40c070d9c5aa011c8012

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Wang, J. ; Pelletier, M. ; Zhang, H. ; Xia, H. ; Zhao, Y. High-Frequency Ultrasound-Responsive Block Copolymer Micelle. Langmuir 2009, 25 , 13201– 13205, DOI: 10.1021/la9018794

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

250

High-Frequency Ultrasound-Responsive Block Copolymer Micelle

Wang, Jie; Pelletier, Maxime; Zhang, Hongji; Xia, Hesheng; Zhao, Yue

Langmuir (2009), 25 (22), 13201-13205CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American Chemical Society)

Micelles of a diblock copolymer composed of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(2-tetrahydropyranyl methacrylate) (PEO-b-PTHPMA) in aq. soln. could be disrupted by high-frequency ultrasound (1.1 MHz). It was found that, upon exposure to a high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) beam at room temp., the pH value of the micellar soln. decreased over irradn. time. The IR spectroscopic anal. of solid block copolymer samples collected from the ultrasound irradiated micellar soln. revealed the formation of carboxylic acid dimers and hydroxyl groups. These characterization results suggest that the high-frequency HIFU beam could induce the hydrolysis reaction of THPMA at room temp. resulting in the cleavage of THP groups. The disruption of PEO-b-PTHPMA micelles by ultrasound was investigated by using dynamic light scattering, at. force microscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. On the basis of the pH change, it was found that the disruption process was detd. by a no. of factors such as the ultrasound power, the micellar soln. vol. and the location of the focal spot of the ultrasound beam. This study shows the potential to develop ultrasound-sensitive block copolymer micelles by having labile chem. bonds in the polymer structure, and to use the high-frequency HIFU to trigger a chem. reaction for the disruption of micelles.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXotVGlsbg%253D&md5=ab857dc8cdb434db81150fd147c5891f

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Paris, J. L. ; Cabañas, M. V. ; Manzano, M. ; Vallet-Regí, M. Polymer-Grafted Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles As Ultrasound-Responsive Drug Carriers. ACS Nano 2015, 9 , 11023– 11033, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04378

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

251

Polymer-grafted mesoporous silica nanoparticles as ultrasound-responsive drug carriers

Paris, Juan L.; Cabanas, M. Victoria; Manzano, Miguel; Vallet-Regi, Maria

ACS Nano (2015), 9 (11), 11023-11033CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)

A new ultrasound-responsive system based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles was developed for biomedical applications, grafting a copolymer on their surface that acts as gatekeeper of the pores. The nanoparticles can be loaded with a cargo at low temp. (4°), taking advantage of the open conformation that the polymer presents under these conditions. Then, at 37° the copolymer collapses closing the pore entrances and allowing the nanoparticles to carry the drugs at physiol. temp. without premature release, which is of great importance when dealing with cytotoxic drugs in cancer treatments. Upon ultrasound irradn., the sensitive polymer changes its hydrophobicity and, therefore, its conformation toward coil-like opening the gates and releasing the cargo. These hybrid nanoparticles have been shown to be noncytotoxic and can be internalized into LNCaP cells retaining their ultrasound-responsive capability in the cytoplasm of the cells. Moreover, doxorubicin-loaded hybrid MSNs were incubated with LNCaP cells to show their capacity to induce cell death only when the nanoparticles had been exposed to ultrasound. This work demonstrates that our hybrid-MSNs can be triggered by remote stimuli, which is of capital importance for future applications in drug delivery and cancer therapy.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhs1ChsL%252FN&md5=5885d99d9c6b199240b7aa467ab914e2

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Nele, V. ; Schutt, C. E. ; Wojciechowski, J. P. ; Kit-Anan, W. ; Doutch, J. J. ; Armstrong, J. P. ; Stevens, M. M. Ultrasound-Triggered Enzymatic Gelation. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32 , 1905914, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905914

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252

Ultrasound-Triggered Enzymatic Gelation

Nele, Valeria; Schutt, Carolyn E.; Wojciechowski, Jonathan P.; Kit-Anan, Worrapong; Doutch, James J.; Armstrong, James P. K.; Stevens, Molly M.

Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2020), 32 (7), 1905914CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

Hydrogels are formed using various triggers, including light irradn., pH adjustment, heating, cooling, or chem. addn. Here, a new method for forming hydrogels is introduced: ultrasound-triggered enzymic gelation. Specifically, ultrasound is used as a stimulus to liberate liposomal calcium ions, which then trigger the enzymic activity of transglutaminase. The activated enzyme catalyzes the formation of fibrinogen hydrogels through covalent intermol. crosslinking. The catalysis and gelation processes are monitored in real time and both the enzyme kinetics and final hydrogel properties are controlled by varying the initial ultrasound exposure time. This technol. is extended to microbubble-liposome conjugates, which exhibit a stronger response to the applied acoustic field and are also used for ultrasound-triggered enzymic hydrogelation. To the best of the knowledge, these results are the first instance in which ultrasound is used as a trigger for either enzyme catalysis or enzymic hydrogelation. This approach is highly versatile and can be readily applied to different ion-dependent enzymes or gelation systems. Moreover, this work paves the way for the use of ultrasound as a remote trigger for in vivo hydrogelation.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXpt1Cmtg%253D%253D&md5=b4757e92c9a4c579af743f285d073d8d

253

Li, X. ; Han, J. ; Wang, X. ; Zhang, Y. ; Jia, C. ; Qin, J. ; Wang, C. ; Wu, J.-R. ; Fang, W. ; Yang, Y.-W. A Triple-Stimuli Responsive Hormone Delivery System Equipped with Pillararene Magnetic Nanovalves. Mater. Chem. Front. 2019, 3 , 103– 110, DOI: 10.1039/C8QM00509E

[Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar

253

A triple-stimuli responsive hormone delivery system equipped with pillararene magnetic nanovalves

Li, Xiangshuai; Han, Junyou; Wang, Xin; Zhang, Yanxin; Jia, Chengguo; Qin, Jianchun; Wang, Chunyu; Wu, Jia-Rui; Fang, Wenhui; Yang, Ying-Wei

Materials Chemistry Frontiers (2019), 3 (1), 103-110CODEN: MCFAC5; ISSN:2052-1537. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

Nanotechnol. in agriculture and food industry has attracted significant attention over the past few decades. Benefiting from the introduction of controlled release capability, drug/cargo delivery systems possess great advantages for plants in delivering plant genes, hormones, pesticides, and fertilizers to mediate their growth. Herein, we construct a new smart multi-stimuli responsive hormone delivery system to regulate the release of gibberellin acid (GA3) for plant growth. Hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles have been utilized as nanocarriers, upon which water sol. carboxylatopillar[5]arene ammonium (WP[5]A) functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles (WP[5]A-Fe3O4) are installed as nanovalves via host-guest interactions (WP[5]A-Fe3O4 capped HMSNs are denoted as HMSN/Fe3O4). Bidirectional pH-responsive supramol. nanovalves have been constructed for the first time, and under acidic or alk. conditions hormones can be released out from GA3-loaded HMSN/Fe3O4 (GA3-HMSN/Fe3O4) to promote the growth of plants. Interestingly, the GA3-HMSN/Fe3O4 nanoparticles can also respond to other stimuli including 1,4-butanediamine (BDA) and ultrasound. This smart delivery system has been successfully applied in plants like Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) and cabbages, and our exptl. results suggested that the GA3-HMSN/Fe3O4 hybrid nanomaterials can obviously promote the growth of both plants. Therefore, we envision that this magnetic multi-stimuli responsive system will hopefully play an important role in promoting agricultural industry development.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXitVChsLzM&md5=5a575bebe8bf6da8c52c4ce0bf48f870

254

Yamaguchi, S. ; Higashi, K. ; Azuma, T. ; Okamoto, A. Supramolecular Polymeric Hydrogels for Ultrasound-Guided Protein Release. Biotechnol. J. 2019, 14 , 1800530, DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800530

255

Lin, X. ; Liu, S. ; Zhang, X. ; Zhu, R. ; Chen, S. ; Chen, X. ; Song, J. ; Yang, H. An Ultrasound Activated Vesicle of Janus Au-MnO Nanoparticles for Promoted Tumor Penetration and Sono-Chemodynamic Therapy of Orthotopic Liver Cancer. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59 , 1682– 1688, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912768

[Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar

255

An ultrasound activated vesicle of Janus Au-MnO nanoparticles for promoted tumor penetration and sono-chemodynamic therapy of orthotopic liver cancer

Lin, Xiahui; Liu, Shuya; Zhang, Xuan; Zhu, Rong; Chen, Shan; Chen, Xiaoyuan; Song, Jibin; Yang, Huanghao

Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2020), 59 (4), 1682-1688CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has the advantages of high penetration, non-invasiveness, and controllability, and it is suitable for deep-seated tumors. However, there is still a lack of effective sonosensitizers with high sensitivity, safety, and penetration. Now, ultrasound (US) and glutathione (GSH) dual responsive vesicles of Janus Au-MnO nanoparticles (JNPs) were coated with PEG and a ROS-sensitive polymer. Upon US irradn., the vesicles were disassembled into small Janus Au-MnO nanoparticles (NPs) with promoted penetration ability. Subsequently, GSH-triggered MnO degrdn. simultaneously released smaller Au NPs as numerous cavitation nucleation sites and Mn2+ for chemodynamic therapy (CDT), resulting in enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This also allowed dual-modality photoacoustic imaging in the second near-IR (NIR) window and T1-MR imaging due to the released Mn2+, and inhibited orthotopic liver tumor growth via synergistic SDT/CDT.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXitleqsbbI&md5=e2e0d28635c3f787a577cdd19ac75d5f

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Poortinga, A. T. Long-Lived Antibubbles: Stable Antibubbles through Pickering Stabilization. Langmuir 2011, 27 , 2138– 2141, DOI: 10.1021/la1048419

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

256

Long-Lived Antibubbles: Stable Antibubbles through Pickering Stabilization

Poortinga, Albert T.

Langmuir (2011), 27 (6), 2138-2141CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American Chemical Society)

Antibubbles, which are liq. droplets surrounded by a thin shell of gas in a liq. phase, have several promising applications, among which is encapsulation. A major hurdle toward these applications has hitherto been the inherent instability of antibubbles, leading to lifetimes of at most minutes. Here we show the prodn. of antibubbles with a lifetime of at least tens of hours, with their stability stemming from the adsorption of colloidal particles at gas-water interfaces. Antibubbles were produced by coating aq. droplets with hydrophobic colloidal particles, gelling the droplets, and then dropping them into an aq. colloidal suspension. This resulted in the formation of antibubbles with a long lifetime, also after the melting of the gel.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXoslOrsQ%253D%253D&md5=e1067bd46098a6cebc16ec3bb78aa172

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Silpe, J. E. ; Nunes, J. K. ; Poortinga, A. T. ; Stone, H. A. Generation of Antibubbles from Core-Shell Double Emulsion Templates Produced by Microfluidics. Langmuir 2013, 29 , 8782– 8787, DOI: 10.1021/la4009015

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

257

Generation of Antibubbles from Core-Shell Double Emulsion Templates Produced by Microfluidics

Silpe, Justin E.; Nunes, Janine K.; Poortinga, Albert T.; Stone, Howard A.

Langmuir (2013), 29 (28), 8782-8787CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American Chemical Society)

The authors report the prepn. of antibubbles by microfluidic methods. More specifically, the authors demonstrate a two-step approach, wherein a monodisperse water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion of core-shell construction is first generated via microfluidics and freeze-dried thereafter to yield, upon subsequent reconstitution, an aq. dispersion of antibubbles. Stable antibubbles are attained by stabilization of the air-water interfaces through a combination of adsorbed particles and polymeric surfactant. The antibubbles strongly resemble the double emulsion templates from which they were formed. When triggered to release, antibubbles show complete release of their cores within about 100 ms.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXptlChu7c%253D&md5=32ff839cc9597077e30f9b94be9d37f0

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Postema, M. ; Novell, A. ; Sennoga, C. ; Poortinga, A. T. ; Bouakaz, A. Harmonic Response from Microscopic Antibubbles. Appl. Acous. 2018, 137 , 148– 150, DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2018.03.021

259

Panfilova, A. ; Chen, P. ; van Sloun, R. J. ; Wijkstra, H. ; Postema, M. ; Poortinga, A. T. ; Mischi, M. Experimental Acoustic Characterisation of an Endoskeletal Antibubble Contrast Agent: First Results. Med. Phys. 2021, 1– 16, DOI: 10.1002/mp.15242

260

Silpe, J. E. ; McGrail, D. W. Magnetic Antibubbles: Formation and Control of Magnetic Macroemulsions for Fluid Transport Applications. J. Appl. Phys. 2013, 113 , 17B304, DOI: 10.1063/1.4796147

261

Huebsch, N. ; Kearney, C. J. ; Zhao, X. ; Kim, J. ; Cezar, C. A. ; Suo, Z. ; Mooney, D. J. Ultrasound-Triggered Disruption and Self-Healing of Reversibly Cross-Linked Hydrogels for Drug Delivery and Enhanced Chemotherapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2014, 111 , 9762– 9767, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1405469111

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

261

Ultrasound-triggered disruption and self-healing of reversibly cross-linked hydrogels for drug delivery and enhanced chemotherapy

Huebsch, Nathaniel; Kearney, Cathal J.; Zhao, Xuanhe; Kim, Jaeyun; Cezar, Christine A.; Suo, Zhigang; Mooney, David J.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2014), 111 (27), 9762-9767CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)

Biol. systems are exquisitely sensitive to the location and timing of physiol. cues and drugs. This spatiotemporal sensitivity presents opportunities for developing new therapeutic approaches. Polymer-based delivery systems are used extensively for attaining localized, sustained release of bioactive mols. However, these devices typically are designed to achieve a const. rate of release. We hypothesized that it would be possible to create digital drug release, which could be accelerated and then switched back off, on demand, by applying ultrasound to disrupt ionically crosslinked hydrogels. We demonstrated that ultrasound does not permanently damage these materials but enables nearly digital release of small mols., proteins, and condensed oligonucleotides. Parallel in vitro studies demonstrated that the concept of applying temporally short, high-dose "bursts" of drug exposure could be applied to enhance the toxicity of mitoxantrone toward breast cancer cells. We thus used the hydrogel system in vivo to treat xenograft tumors with mitoxantrone, and found that daily ultrasound-stimulated drug release substantially reduced tumor growth compared with sustained drug release alone. This approach of digital drug release likely will be applicable to a broad variety of polymers and bioactive mols., and is a potentially useful tool for studying how the timing of factor delivery controls cell fate in vivo.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhtVamu7nM&md5=f2011db4c6be2ad729302703d1439aaa

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Noble, M. L. ; Mourad, P. D. ; Ratner, B. D. Digital Drug Delivery: On–Off Ultrasound Controlled Antibiotic Release from Coated Matrices with Negligible Background Leaching. Biomater. Sci. 2014, 2 , 893– 902, DOI: 10.1039/C3BM60203F

[Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar

262

Digital drug delivery: on-off ultrasound controlled antibiotic release from coated matrices with negligible background leaching

Noble, Misty L.; Mourad, Pierre D.; Ratner, Buddy D.

Biomaterials Science (2014), 2 (6), 893-902CODEN: BSICCH; ISSN:2047-4849. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

Hydrogels such as crosslinked poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) were used extensively in controlled release drug delivery systems. The authors' previous work demonstrated an ultrasound (US)-responsive system based on pHEMA coated with a self-assembled multilayer of C12-C18 methylene chains. The resulting coating was predominantly cryst. and relatively impermeable, forming an US-activated switch that controlled drug release on-demand, and kept the drug within the matrix in the absence of US. The device, as developed did, however, show a low background drug-leaching rate independent of US irradn. For some applications, it is desirable to have very low or zero background release rates. This was achieved here by a combination of new processing steps, and by co-polymg. HEMA with a relatively hydrophobic monomer, hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA). These advances produced systems with undetectable ciprofloxacin background release rates that are capable of US-facilitated drug release - up to 14-fold increases relative to controls both before and after US exposure. In addn., these observations are consistent with the hypothesis that US-mediated disorganization of the coating allows a transient flux of water into the matrix where its interaction with bound and dissolved drug facilitates its movement both within and out of the matrix.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXns1Wqu7Y%253D&md5=677dfabf7113f8314d260f0ffed8499d

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Epstein-Barash, H. ; Orbey, G. ; Polat, B. E. ; Ewoldt, R. H. ; Feshitan, J. ; Langer, R. ; Borden, M. A. ; Kohane, D. S. A Microcomposite Hydrogel for Repeated On-Demand Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Delivery. Biomaterials 2010, 31 , 5208– 5217, DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.03.008

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

263

A microcomposite hydrogel for repeated on-demand ultrasound-triggered drug delivery

Epstein-Barash, Hila; Orbey, Gizem; Polat, Baris E.; Ewoldt, Randy H.; Feshitan, Jameel; Langer, Robert; Borden, Mark A.; Kohane, Daniel S.

Biomaterials (2010), 31 (19), 5208-5217CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)

Here we develop an injectable composite system based for repeated ultrasound-triggered on-demand drug delivery. An in situ-crosslinking hydrogel maintains model drug (dye)-contg. liposomes in close proximity to gas-filled microbubbles that serve to enhance release events induced by ultrasound application. Dye release is tunable by varying the proportions of the liposomal and microbubble components, as well as the duration and intensity of the ultrasound pulses in vitro. Dye is minimal at baseline. The composite shows minimal cytotoxicity in vitro, and benign tissue reaction after s.c. injection in rats. Ultrasound application also triggers drug release for two weeks after injection in vivo.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXltFKmsrc%253D&md5=26eda76aa3305e773a49aa6ec47bf436

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Zardad, A.-Z. ; Choonara, Y. E. ; Du Toit, L. C. ; Kumar, P. ; Mabrouk, M. ; Kondiah, P. P. D. ; Pillay, V. A Review of Thermo- and Ultrasound-Responsive Polymeric Systems for Delivery of Chemotherapeutic Agents. Polymers 2016, 8 , 359, DOI: 10.3390/polym8100359

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A review of thermo- and ultrasound-responsive polymeric systems for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents

Zardad, Az-Zamakhshariy; Choonara, Yahya Essop; du Toit, Lisa Claire; Kumar, Pradeep; Mabrouk, Mostafa; Kondiah, Pierre Pavan Demarco; Pillay, Viness

Polymers (Basel, Switzerland) (2016), 8 (10), 359/1-359/22CODEN: POLYCK; ISSN:2073-4360. (MDPI AG)

There has been an exponential increase in research into the development of thermal- and ultrasound-activated delivery systems for cancer therapy. The majority of researchers employ polymer technol. that responds to environmental stimuli some of which are physiol. induced such as temp., pH, as well as elec. impulses, which are considered as internal stimuli. External stimuli include ultrasound, light, laser, and magnetic induction. Biodegradable polymers may possess thermoresponsive and/or ultrasound-responsive properties that can complement cancer therapy through sonoporation and hyperthermia by means of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU). Thermoresponsive and other stimuli-responsive polymers employed in drug delivery systems can be activated via ultrasound stimulation. Polyethylene oxide/polypropylene oxide co-block or triblock polymers and polymethacrylates are thermal- and pH-responsive polymer groups, resp. but both have proven to have successful activity and contribution in chemotherapy when exposed to ultrasound stimulation. This review focused on collating thermal- and ultrasound-responsive delivery systems, and combined thermo-ultrasonic responsive systems; and elaborating on the advantages, as well as shortcomings, of these systems in cancer chemotherapy. The mechanisms of these systems are explicated through their phys. alteration when exposed to the corresponding stimuli. The properties they possess and the modifications that enhance the mechanism of chemotherapeutic drug delivery from systems are discussed, and the concept of pseudo-ultrasound responsive systems is introduced.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXktlaju7g%253D&md5=fc9a2135ad9c218ddfb80b661ba0f324

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Wu, C.-H. ; Sun, M.-K. ; Shieh, J. ; Chen, C.-S. ; Huang, C.-W. ; Dai, C.-A. ; Chang, S.-W. ; Chen, W.-S. ; Young, T.-H. Ultrasound-Responsive NIPAM-Based Hydrogels with Tunable Profile of Controlled Release of Large Molecules. Ultrasonics 2018, 83 , 157– 163, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2017.03.019

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265

Ultrasound-responsive NIPAM-based hydrogels with tunable profile of controlled release of large molecules

Wu, Chueh-Hung; Sun, Ming-Kuan; Shieh, Jay; Chen, Chuin-Shan; Huang, Chang-Wei; Dai, Chi-An; Chang, Shu-Wei; Chen, Wen-Shiang; Young, Tai-Horng

Ultrasonics (2018), 83 (), 157-163CODEN: ULTRA3; ISSN:0041-624X. (Elsevier B.V.)

Episodic release of bioactive compds. plays an important role in biol. systems. "On-demand" release systems which based on polymeric materials and activated by external stimuli may provide the necessary functionality. Here we describe an ultrasound-responsive hydrogel based on N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAm), which is suitable for triggered release of two large mols.: bovine serum albumin (BSA, 66 kDa) and dextran (3-5 kDa). It is shown that the release amt. of these two large mols. increased with increasing hydrogel temp., and the application of ultrasound further increased the release. By simply adjusting the contents of NIPAM and MBAm, the difference of BSA release between the presence and absence of ultrasound could be adjusted from 2.7 to 84 folds. There was also a pos. correlation between the ultrasound intensity and release amt. These properties made the NIPAM-based hydrogel a tunable platform for focal drug delivery.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXmtVens7Y%253D&md5=da6198665bb1541ed6e52a08ca559dea

266

Li, G. ; Wang, Y. ; Wang, S. ; Jiang, J. A Tough Composite Hydrogel Can Controllably Deliver Hydrophobic Drugs under Ultrasound. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2018, 303 , 1700483, DOI: 10.1002/mame.201700483

267

Emi, T. ; Michaud, K. ; Orton, E. ; Santilli, G. ; Linh, C. ; O'Connell, M. ; Issa, F. ; Kennedy, S. Ultrasonic Generation of Pulsatile and Sequential Therapeutic Delivery Profiles from Calcium-Crosslinked Alginate Hydrogels. Molecules 2019, 24 , 1048, DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061048

[Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar

267

Ultrasonic generation of pulsatile and sequential therapeutic delivery profiles from calcium-crosslinked alginate hydrogels

Emi, Tania; Michaud, Kendra; Orton, Emma; Santilli, Grace; Linh, Catherine; O'Connell, Meaghan; Issa, Fatima; Kennedy, Stephen

Molecules (2019), 24 (6), 1048CODEN: MOLEFW; ISSN:1420-3049. (MDPI AG)

While implantable hydrogels can provide localized therapeutic deliveries, they do not traditionally provide the temporally complex therapeutic delivery profiles required to regulate complex biol. processes. To perform these characterizations, calcium-crosslinked alginate hydrogels were loaded with various model macromols. (dextrans), chemotherapeutics, and protein signaling factors and exposed to a variety of single-pulse and multi-pulse ultrasonic signals at various amplitudes and durations. In response to single-pulsed ultrasonic exposures, quantifications of mol. release, degree of gel erosion, and increase in hydrogel temp. revealed that the ultrasonic stimulations required for statistically significant therapeutic deliveries often eroded and heated the gels to unacceptable levels. However, multi-pulse ultrasonic exposures were shown to achieve significant amts. of therapeutic release while keeping gel erosion and temp. increase at modest levels. Finally, expts. were performed demonstrating that ultrasonic stimulation could be used to generate drug release profiles shown to have potential therapeutic benefits (e.g., pulsatile and sequential anticancer delivery profiles). This work underscores the potential of using ultrasonically responsive polymeric hydrogels for providing on-demand control over more complex therapeutic deliver profiles and enhancing drug delivery strategies in cancer therapies and beyond.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXpt1Gis7Y%253D&md5=042813c1de18d17103c3cb1cf7643e6f

268

Kubota, T. ; Kurashina, Y. ; Zhao, J. ; Ando, K. ; Onoe, H. Ultrasound-Triggered On-Demand Drug Delivery Using Hydrogel Microbeads with Release Enhancer. Mater. Des. 2021, 203 , 109580, DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109580

[Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar

268

Ultrasound-triggered on-demand drug delivery using hydrogel microbeads with release enhancer

Kubota, Takeshi; Kurashina, Yuta; Zhao, JianYi; Ando, Keita; Onoe, Hiroaki

Materials & Design (2021), 203 (), 109580CODEN: MADSD2; ISSN:0264-1275. (Elsevier Ltd.)

Ultrasound-triggered drug delivery has been widely researched for its potential to improve the therapeutic efficacy of drugs. This paper presents drug release using hydrogel microbeads with release enhancer for efficient ultrasound-triggered drug delivery. By using a centrifuge-based microfluidic device, drug-model-encapsulating calcium alginate hydrogel microbeads contg. tungsten particles with high acoustic impedance were fabricated. Because the tungsten particles work as release enhancer, the hydrogel microbeads become to have high sensitivity to ultrasound with localized variation in acoustic impedance so that the release rate of drug models improves. By applying ultrasound at 20 kHz to the hydrogel microbeads, the release of fluorescent silica nanoparticles that are a drug model for virus vectors, micelles, and proteins was tested. Importantly, the proposed hydrogel microbeads released the drug model even under a cavitation-suppressed environment. Furthermore, the addnl. coating on the hydrogel microbeads with poly-L-lysine enabled us to adjust the release rate of the drug model. The proposed ultrasound-triggered drug release system using release enhancer is expected to be an effective approach for expanding the varieties of applicable treatments using on-demand drug delivery systems.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXltFalsb4%253D&md5=3b7c651682f61dd72dcc30117d6664e3

269

Lentacker, I. ; De Cock, I. ; Deckers, R. ; De Smedt, S. ; Moonen, C. Understanding Ultrasound Induced Sonoporation: Definitions and Underlying Mechanisms. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2014, 72 , 49– 64, DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.11.008

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269

Understanding ultrasound induced sonoporation: Definitions and underlying mechanisms

Lentacker, I.; De Cock, I.; Deckers, R.; De Smedt, S. C.; Moonen, C. T. W.

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (2014), 72 (), 49-64CODEN: ADDREP; ISSN:0169-409X. (Elsevier B.V.)

In the past two decades, research has underlined the potential of ultrasound and microbubbles to enhance drug delivery. However, there is less consensus on the biophys. and biol. mechanisms leading to this enhanced delivery. Sonoporation, i.e. the formation of temporary pores in the cell membrane, as well as enhanced endocytosis is reported. Because of the variety of ultrasound settings used and corresponding microbubble behavior, a clear overview is missing. Therefore, in this review, the mechanisms contributing to sonoporation are categorized according to three ultrasound settings: i) low intensity ultrasound leading to stable cavitation of microbubbles, ii) high intensity ultrasound leading to inertial cavitation with microbubble collapse, and iii) ultrasound application in the absence of microbubbles. Using low intensity ultrasound, the endocytotic uptake of several drugs could be stimulated, while short but intense ultrasound pulses can be applied to induce pore formation and the direct cytoplasmic uptake of drugs. Ultrasound intensities may be adapted to create pore sizes correlating with drug size. Small mols. are able to diffuse passively through small pores created by low intensity ultrasound treatment. However, delivery of larger drugs such as nanoparticles and gene complexes, will require higher ultrasound intensities in order to allow direct cytoplasmic entry.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhvFGitrfM&md5=23a7718b3e6c9d231ac2a24a4c75224a

270

Qin, P. ; Han, T. ; Yu, A. C. ; Xu, L. Mechanistic Understanding the Bioeffects of Ultrasound-Driven Microbubbles to Enhance Macromolecule Delivery. J. Controlled Release 2018, 272 , 169– 181, DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.01.001

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

270

Mechanistic understanding the bioeffects of ultrasound-driven microbubbles to enhance macromolecule delivery

Qin, Peng; Han, Tao; Yu, Alfred C. H.; Xu, Lin

Journal of Controlled Release (2018), 272 (), 169-181CODEN: JCREEC; ISSN:0168-3659. (Elsevier B.V.)

A review. Ultrasound-driven microbubbles can trigger reversible membrane perforation (sonoporation), open interendothelial junctions and stimulate endocytosis, thereby providing a temporary and reversible time-window for the delivery of macromols. across biol. membranes and endothelial barriers. This time-window is related not only to cavitation events, but also to biol. regulatory mechanisms. Mechanistic understanding of the interaction between cavitation events and cells and tissues, as well as the subsequent cellular and mol. responses will lead to new design strategies with improved efficacy and minimized side effects. Recent important progress on the spatiotemporal characteristics of sonoporation, cavitation-induced interendothelial gap and endocytosis, and the spatiotemporal bioeffects and the preliminary biol. mechanisms in cavitation-enhanced permeability, has been made. On the basis of the summary of this research progress, this Review outlines the underlying bioeffects and the related biol. regulatory mechanisms involved in cavitation-enhanced permeability; provides a crit. commentary on the future tasks and directions in this field, including developing a standardized methodol. to reveal mechanism-based bioeffects in depth, and designing biol.-based treatment strategies to improve efficacy and safety. Such mechanistic understanding the bioeffects that contribute to cavitation-enhanced delivery will accelerate the translation of this approach to the clinic.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhvFamur8%253D&md5=f31be85e61065e0774313c59bdbf65fb

271

van Wamel, A. ; Bouakaz, A. ; Versluis, M. ; de Jong, N. Micromanipulation of Endothelial Cells: Ultrasound-Microbubble-Cell Interaction. Ultrasound Med. Bio. 2004, 30 , 1255– 1258, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2004.07.015

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

271

Micromanipulation of endothelial cells: ultrasound-microbubble-cell interaction

van Wamel Annemieke; Bouakaz Ayache; Versluis Michel; de Jong Nico

Ultrasound in medicine & biology (2004), 30 (9), 1255-8 ISSN:0301-5629.

Ultrasound (US) in combination with contrast microbubbles has been shown to alter the permeability of cell membranes without affecting cell viability. This permeabilisation feature is used to design new drug delivery systems using US and contrast agents. The underlying mechanisms are still unknown. One hypothesis is that oscillating microbubbles cause cell deformation resulting in enhanced cell membrane permeability. This technical note reveals the interaction between oscillating microbubbles and endothelial cells under a microscope recorded with a fast framing camera at 10 million frames per second. A microbubble expansion of 100% resulted a 2.3-mum displacement of the cell membrane. During the insonification, changes of approximately 15% in the cross-sectional distance of the endothelial cells were observed due to microbubble vibrations. In conclusion, the use of such a camera makes it possible to reveal the mechanisms of interactions between ultrasound, microbubbles and cells.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD2crotFeiuw%253D%253D&md5=ae06fb064b906cb8f45f01da5bc9bce0

272

Meijering, B. D. ; Juffermans, L. J. ; van Wamel, A. ; Henning, R. H. ; Zuhorn, I. S. ; Emmer, M. ; Versteilen, A. M. ; Paulus, W. J. ; van Gilst, W. H. ; Kooiman, K. ; de Jong, N. Ultrasound and Microbubble-Targeted Delivery of Macromolecules Is Regulated by Induction of Endocytosis and Pore Formation. Circ. Res. 2009, 104 , 679– 687, DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.183806

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

272

Ultrasound and Microbubble-Targeted Delivery of Macromolecules Is Regulated by Induction of Endocytosis and Pore Formation

Meijering, Bernadet D. M.; Juffermans, Lynda J. M.; van Wamel, Annemieke; Henning, Rob H.; Zuhorn, Inge S.; Emmer, Marcia; Versteilen, Amanda M. G.; Paulus, Walter J.; van Gilst, Wiek H.; Kooiman, Klazina; de Jong, Nico; Musters, Rene J. P.; Deelman, Leo E.; Kamp, Otto

Circulation Research (2009), 104 (5), 679-687CODEN: CIRUAL; ISSN:0009-7330. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)

Contrast microbubbles in combination with ultrasound (US) are promising vehicles for local drug and gene delivery. However, the exact mechanisms behind intracellular delivery of therapeutic compds. remain to be resolved. The authors hypothesized that endocytosis and pore formation are involved during US and microbubble targeted delivery (UMTD) of therapeutic compds. Therefore, primary endothelial cells were subjected to UMTD of fluorescent dextrans (4.4 to 500 kDa) using 1 MHz pulsed US with 0.22-MPa peak-neg. pressure, during 30 s. Fluorescence microscopy showed homogeneous distribution of 4.4- and 70-kDa dextrans through the cytosol, and localization of 155- and 500-kDa dextrans in distinct vesicles after UMTD. After ATP depletion, reduced uptake of 4.4-kDa dextran and no uptake of 500-kDa dextran was obsd. after UMTD. Independently inhibiting clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis, as well as macropinocytosis significantly decreased intracellular delivery of 4.4- to 500-kDa dextrans. Furthermore, 3D fluorescence microscopy demonstrated dextran vesicles (500 kDa) to colocalize with caveolin-1 and esp. clathrin. Finally, after UMTD of dextran (500 kDa) into rat femoral artery endothelium in vivo, dextran mols. were again localized in vesicles that partially colocalized with caveolin-1 and clathrin. Together, these data indicated uptake of mols. via endocytosis after UMTD. In addn. to triggering endocytosis, UMTD also evoked transient pore formation, as demonstrated by the influx of calcium ions and cellular release of preloaded dextrans after US and microbubble exposure. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that endocytosis is a key mechanism in UMTD besides transient pore formation, with the contribution of endocytosis being dependent on mol. size.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXisFelurY%253D&md5=f5de67393998790d8444ddfaafd0784e

273

Boucaud, A. Trends in the Use of Ultrasound-Mediated Transdermal Drug Delivery. Drug Discovery Today 2004, 9 , 827– 828, DOI: 10.1016/S1359-6446(04)03212-X

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273

Trends in the use of ultrasound-mediated transdermal drug delivery

Boucaud Alain

Drug discovery today (2004), 9 (19), 827-8 ISSN:1359-6446.

There is no expanded citation for this reference.

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274

Huang, D. ; Sun, M. ; Bu, Y. ; Luo, F. ; Lin, C. ; Lin, Z. ; Weng, Z. ; Yang, F. ; Wu, D. Microcapsule-Embedded Hydrogel Patches for Ultrasound Responsive and Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Diclofenac Sodium. J. Mater. Chem. B 2019, 7 , 2330– 2337, DOI: 10.1039/C8TB02928H

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

274

Microcapsule-embedded hydrogel patches for ultrasound responsive and enhanced transdermal delivery of diclofenac sodium

Huang, Da; Sun, Mi; Bu, Yazhong; Luo, Fang; Lin, Cuiying; Lin, Zhenyu; Weng, Zuquan; Yang, Fei; Wu, Decheng

Journal of Materials Chemistry B: Materials for Biology and Medicine (2019), 7 (14), 2330-2337CODEN: JMCBDV; ISSN:2050-7518. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

Transdermal delivery of diclofenac sodium (DS) has drawn much attention for the advantages of avoiding first-pass metab., reduced systemic toxicity and better patient compliance, but the successful translation of reported transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDSs) is still limited by poor skin permeability and uncontrollable drug release. Herein, we designed and fabricated a novel ultrasound responsive TDDS by embedding DS-loaded polyester microcapsules into a hydrogel patch based on four-armed poly(ethylene glycol). The rational design endows the microcapsule-embedded hydrogel patch with good biocompatibility, excellent skin-adhesion properties and well-controlled ultrasound responsive release behavior. More importantly, by employing ultrasound as a simultaneous trigger of drug release and efficient penetration enhancer, the encapsulated drug could be released and pass through the skin barrier rapidly under ultrasound, while without the action of ultrasound, a negligible amt. of drug was released and penetrated into the s.c. tissues in ex vivo and in vivo transdermal drug release expts., indicating that improved and controllable transdermal delivery of DS was achieved. Our work demonstrated that the microcapsule-embedded hydrogel patch may be a promising candidate as an ultrasound responsive and enhanced TDDS of DS for treating diseases such as arthritis and topical soft tissue injuries.

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275

Helfield, B. ; Chen, X. ; Watkins, S. C. ; Villanueva, F. S. Biophysical Insight Into Mechanisms of Sonoporation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2016, 113 , 9983– 9988, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606915113

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275

Biophysical insight into mechanisms of sonoporation

Helfield, Brandon; Chen, Xucai; Watkins, Simon C.; Villanueva, Flordeliza S.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2016), 113 (36), 9983-9988CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)

This study presents a unique approach to understanding the biophys. mechanisms of ultrasound-triggered cell membrane disruption (i.e., sonoporation). The authors report direct correlations between ultrasound-stimulated encapsulated microbubble oscillation physics and the resulting cellular membrane permeability by simultaneous microscopy of these two processes over their intrinsic phys. timescale (microseconds for microbubble dynamics and seconds to minutes for local macromol. uptake and cell membrane reorganization). The authors show that there exists a microbubble oscillation-induced shear-stress threshold, on the order of kilopascals, beyond which endothelial cellular membrane permeability increases. The shear-stress threshold exhibits an inverse square-root relation to the no. of oscillation cycles and an approx. linear dependence on ultrasound frequency from 0.5 to 2 MHz. Further, via real-time 3D confocal microscopy measurements, the data provide evidence that a sonoporation event directly results in the immediate generation of membrane pores through both apical and basal cell membrane layers that reseal along their lateral area (resealing time of ∼<2 min). Finally, the authors demonstrate the potential for sonoporation to indirectly initiate prolonged, intercellular gaps between adjacent, confluent cells (∼>30-60 min). This real-time microscopic approach has provided insight into both the phys., cavitation-based mechanisms of sonoporation and the biophys., cell-membrane-based mechanisms by which microbubble acoustic behaviors cause acute and sustained enhancement of cellular and vascular permeability.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xhtl2mtL3N&md5=dea2e4305f8bb0a1f5e7f7bc6b9c1cee

276

Beekers, I. ; Vegter, M. ; Lattwein, K. R. ; Mastik, F. ; Beurskens, R. ; van der Steen, A. F. ; de Jong, N. ; Verweij, M. D. ; Kooiman, K. Opening of Endothelial Cell–Cell Contacts Due to Sonoporation. J. Controlled Release 2020, 322 , 426– 438, DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.03.038

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

276

Opening of endothelial cell-cell contacts due to sonoporation

Beekers, Ines; Vegter, Merel; Lattwein, Kirby R.; Mastik, Frits; Beurskens, Robert; van der Steen, Antonius F. W.; de Jong, Nico; Verweij, Martin D.; Kooiman, Klazina

Journal of Controlled Release (2020), 322 (), 426-438CODEN: JCREEC; ISSN:0168-3659. (Elsevier B.V.)

Ultrasound insonification of microbubbles can locally increase vascular permeability to enhance drug delivery. To control and optimize the therapeutic potential, we need to better understand the underlying biol. mechanisms of the drug delivery pathways. The aim of this in vitro study was to elucidate the microbubble-endothelial cell interaction using the Brandaris 128 ultra-high-speed camera (up to 25 Mfps) coupled to a custom-built Nikon confocal microscope, to visualize both microbubble oscillation and the cellular response. Sonoporation and opening of cell-cell contacts by single αVβ3-targeted microbubbles (n = 152) was monitored up to 4 min after ultrasound insonification (2 MHz, 100-400 kPa, 10 cycles). Sonoporation occurred when microbubble excursion amplitudes exceeded 0.7μm. Quantification of the influx of the fluorescent model drug propidium iodide upon sonoporation showed that the size of the created pore increased for larger microbubble excursion amplitudes. Microbubble-mediated opening of cell-cell contacts occurred as a cellular response upon sonoporation and did not correlate with the microbubble excursion amplitude itself. The initial integrity of the cell-cell contacts affected the susceptibly to drug delivery, since cell-cell contacts opened more often when cells were only partially attached to their neighbors (48%) than when fully attached (14%). The drug delivery outcomes were independent of nonlinear microbubble behavior, microbubble location, and cell size. In conclusion, by studying the microbubble-cell interaction at nanosecond and nanometer resoln. the relationship between drug delivery pathways and their underlying mechanisms was further unraveled. These novel insights will aid the development of safe and efficient microbubble-mediated drug delivery.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXms12iu7s%253D&md5=5daed8938c56324d1f82a1dbd717fe62

277

Qiu, Y. ; Luo, Y. ; Zhang, Y. ; Cui, W. ; Zhang, D. ; Wu, J. ; Zhang, J. ; Tu, J. The Correlation between Acoustic Cavitation and Sonoporation Involved in Ultrasound-Mediated DNA Transfection with Polyethylenimine (PEI) in Vitro. J. Controlled Release 2010, 145 , 40– 48, DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.04.010

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

277

The correlation between acoustic cavitation and sonoporation involved in ultrasound-mediated DNA transfection with polyethylenimine (PEI) in vitro

Qiu, Yuanyuan; Luo, Yi; Zhang, Yanli; Cui, Weicheng; Zhang, Dong; Wu, Junru; Zhang, Junfeng; Tu, Juan

Journal of Controlled Release (2010), 145 (1), 40-48CODEN: JCREEC; ISSN:0168-3659. (Elsevier B.V.)

Previous studies have demonstrated that the efficiency of gene/drug delivery can be enhanced under ultrasound (US) exposure with the presence of US contrast agent microbubbles, due to the acoustic cavitation-induced sonoporation. However, obstacles still remain to achieve controllable sonoporation outcome. The general hypotheses guiding present studies were that inertial cavitation (IC) activities accumulated during US exposure could be quantified as IC dose (ICD) based on passive cavitation detection (PCD), and the assessment of sonoporation outcome should be correlated with ICD measurements. In current work, MCF-7 cells mixed with PEI:DNA complex and UCD microbubbles were exposed to 1-MHz US pulses with 20-cycle pulse and varied acoustic peak neg. pressure (P -; 0 (sham), 0.3, 0.75, 1.4, 2.2 or 3.0 MPa), total treatment time (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 or 60 s), and pulse-repetition-frequency (PRF; 0, 20, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 Hz). Then, four series expts. were conducted: (1) the IC activities were detected using a PCD system and quantified as ICD; (2) the DNA transfection efficiency was evaluated with flow cytometry; (3) the cell viability was examd. by PI dying then measured using flow cytometry; and (4) scan electron microscopy was used to investigate the sonoporation effects on the cell membrane. The results showed that: (1) the ICD generated during US exposure could be affected by US parameters (e.g., P -, total treatment time, and PRF); (2) the pooled data analyses demonstrated that DNA transfection efficiency initially increased linearly with the increasing ICD, then it tended to sat. instead of trying to achieve a max. value while the ICD kept going up; and (3) the measured ICD, sonoporation pore size, and cell viability exhibited high correlation among each other. All the results indicated that IC activity should play an important role in the US-mediated DNA transfection through sonoporation, and ICD could be used as an effective tool to monitor and control the US-mediated gene/drug delivery effect.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXms1elsr4%253D&md5=ff5fea247bd3b80fab786dcc7204d82e

278

Yang, F. ; Gu, N. ; Chen, D. ; Xi, X. ; Zhang, D. ; Li, Y. ; Wu, J. Experimental Study on Cell Self-Sealing during Sonoporation. J. Controlled Release 2008, 131 , 205– 210, DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.07.038

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278

Experimental study on cell self-sealing during sonoporation

Yang, Fang; Gu, Ning; Chen, Di; Xi, Xiaoyu; Zhang, Dong; Li, Yixin; Wu, Junru

Journal of Controlled Release (2008), 131 (3), 205-210CODEN: JCREEC; ISSN:0168-3659. (Elsevier B.V.)

Reparable sonoporation of human breast cancer cells was achieved during exposure to moderate ultrasound (spatial peak acoustic pressure, p sp = 0.25 MPa, 1 MHz tone-bursts, 20 cycles per tone-burst at pulse repetition frequency of 10 kHz) up to 40 s assisted by the presence of encapsulated microbubbles (EMBs). It was demonstrated that shear stress generated by oscillating EMBs at the cell membranes introduced small transient pores in cell membranes by which cells were able to uptake some extracellular fluid and meanwhile triggered the repairing process through self-sealing during sonoporation. It was also indicated by post-sonoporation anal. using the fluorescent microscopy, SEM, and the Bradford assay which detd. the protein content in cell supernatant that the self-sealing might be established by lysosomal-assocd. membrane protein, LAMP-1, fusing with the plasma membrane under the stressful condition in sonoporation.

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279

Guzmán, H. R. ; Nguyen, D. X. ; McNamara, A. J. ; Prausnitz, M. R. Equilibrium Loading of Cells with Macromolecules by Ultrasound: Effects of Molecular Size and Acoustic Energy. J. Pharm. Sci. 2002, 91 , 1693– 1701, DOI: 10.1002/jps.10156

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279

Equilibrium loading of cells with macromolecules by ultrasound: effects of molecular size and acoustic energy

Guzman, Hector R.; Nguyen, Daniel X.; Mcnamara, Andrew J.; Prausnitz, Mark R.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (2002), 91 (7), 1693-1701CODEN: JPMSAE; ISSN:0022-3549. (Wiley-Liss, Inc.)

Ultrasound has been shown to deliver small compds., macromols., and DNA into cells, which suggests potential applications in drug and gene delivery. However, the effect of mol. size on intracellular uptake has not been quantified. This study measured the effect of mol. size (calcein, 623 Da; bovine serum albumin, 66 kDa; and two dextrans, 42 and 464 kDa) on mol. uptake and cell viability in DU145 prostate cancer cells exposed to 500 kHz ultrasound. Mol. uptake in viable cells was shown to be very similar for small mols. and macromols. and found to correlate with acoustic energy exposure. Mol. uptake was seen to be heterogeneous among viable cells exposed to the same ultrasound conditions; this heterogeneity also correlated with acoustic energy exposure. In a fraction of these cells, mol. uptake reached thermodn. equil. with the extracellular soln. for the small mol. and all three macromols. The results demonstrate that ultrasound provides a means to load viable cells with large nos. of macromols., which may be of use for lab. and possible clin. drug delivery applications.

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280

Fan, Z. ; Liu, H. ; Mayer, M. ; Deng, C. X. Spatiotemporally Controlled Single Cell Sonoporation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2012, 109 , 16486– 16491, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1208198109

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280

Spatiotemporally controlled single cell sonoporation

Fan, Zhenzhen; Liu, Haiyan; Mayer, Michael; Deng, Cheri X.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2012), 109 (41), 16486-16491, S16486/1-S16486/5CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)

This paper presents unique approaches to enable control and quantification of ultrasound-mediated cell membrane disruption, or sonoporation, at the single-cell level. Ultrasound excitation of microbubbles that were targeted to the plasma membrane of HEK-293 cells generated spatially and temporally controlled membrane disruption with high repeatability. Using whole-cell patch clamp recording combined with fluorescence microscopy, we obtained time-resolved measurements of single-cell sonoporation and quantified the size and resealing rate of pores. We measured the intracellular diffusion coeff. of cytoplasmic RNA/DNA from sonoporation-induced transport of an intercalating fluorescent dye into and within single cells. We achieved spatiotemporally controlled delivery with subcellular precision and calcium signaling in targeted cells by selective excitation of microbubbles. Finally, we utilized sonoporation to deliver calcein, a membrane-impermeant substrate of multidrug resistance protein-1 (MRP1), into HEK-MRP1 cells, which overexpress MRP1, and monitored the calcein efflux by MRP1. This approach made it possible to measure the efflux rate in individual cells and to compare it directly to the efflux rate in parental control cells that do not express MRP1.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhsFKltrrJ&md5=1475b3709627a66527d6ea6b8413e3ae

281

Mullick Chowdhury, S. ; Lee, T. ; Willmann, J. K. Ultrasound-Guided Drug Delivery in Cancer. Ultrasonography 2017, 36 , 171– 184, DOI: 10.14366/usg.17021

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

281

Ultrasound-guided drug delivery in cancer

Mullick Chowdhury Sayan; Lee Taehwa; Willmann Jurgen K

Ultrasonography (Seoul, Korea) (2017), 36 (3), 171-184 ISSN:2288-5919.

Recent advancements in ultrasound and microbubble (USMB) mediated drug delivery technology has shown that this approach can improve spatially confined delivery of drugs and genes to target tissues while reducing systemic dose and toxicity. The mechanism behind enhanced delivery of therapeutics is sonoporation, the formation of openings in the vasculature, induced by ultrasound-triggered oscillations and destruction of microbubbles. In this review, progress and challenges of USMB mediated drug delivery are summarized, with special focus on cancer therapy.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1cnnsF2itw%253D%253D&md5=d8fecc84461f7d1105fcd4a16aca6081

282

Yang, Y. ; Li, Q. ; Guo, X. ; Tu, J. ; Zhang, D. Mechanisms Underlying Sonoporation: Interaction between Microbubbles and Cells. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2020, 67 , 105096, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105096

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

282

Mechanisms underlying sonoporation: Interaction between microbubbles and cells

Yang, Yanye; Li, Qunying; Guo, Xiasheng; Tu, Juan; Zhang, Dong

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry (2020), 67 (), 105096CODEN: ULSOER; ISSN:1350-4177. (Elsevier B.V.)

The past several decades have witnessed great progress in "smart drug delivery", an advance technol. that can deliver genes or drugs into specific locations of patients' body with enhanced delivery efficiency. Ultrasound-activated mech. force induced by the interactions between microbubbles and cells, which can stimulate so-called "sonoporation" process, has been regarded as one of the most promising candidates to realize spatiotemporal-controllable drug delivery to selected regions. Both exptl. and numerical studies were performed to get in-depth understanding on how the microbubbles interact with cells during sonoporation processes, under different impact parameters. The current work gives an overview of the general mechanism underlying microbubble-mediated sonoporation, and the possible impact factors (e.g., the properties of cavitation agents and cells, acoustical driving parameters and bubble/cell micro-environment) that could affect sonoporation outcomes. Finally, current progress and considerations of sonoporation in clin. applications are reviewed also.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXmvFWjtr8%253D&md5=5e14739f960c40088b5a12df49b881d4

283

Meng, L. ; Liu, X. ; Wang, Y. ; Zhang, W. ; Zhou, W. ; Cai, F. ; Li, F. ; Wu, J. ; Xu, L. ; Niu, L. Sonoporation of Cells by a Parallel Stable Cavitation Microbubble Array. Adv. Sci. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2019, 6 , 1900557, DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900557

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

283

Sonoporation of Cells by a Parallel Stable Cavitation Microbubble Array

Meng, Long; Liu, Xiufang; Wang, Yuchen; Zhang, Wenjun; Zhou, Wei; Cai, Feiyan; Li, Fei; Wu, Junru; Xu, Lisheng; Niu, Lili; Zheng, Hairong

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Germany) (2019), 6 (17), n/a1900557CODEN: ASDCCF; ISSN:2198-3844. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

Sonoporation is a targeted drug delivery technique that employs cavitation microbubbles to generate transient pores in the cell membrane, allowing foreign substances to enter cells by passing through the pores. Due to the broad size distribution of microbubbles, cavitation events appear to be a random process, making it difficult to achieve controllable and efficient sonoporation. In this work a technique is reported using a microfluidic device that enables in parallel modulation of membrane permeability by an oscillating microbubble array. Multirectangular channels of uniform size are created at the sidewall to generate an array of monodispersed microbubbles, which oscillate with almost the same amplitude and resonant frequency, ensuring homogeneous sonoporation with high efficacy. Stable harmonic and high harmonic signals emitted by individual oscillating microbubbles are detected by a laser Doppler vibrometer, which indicates stable cavitation occurred. Under the influence of the acoustic radiation forces induced by the oscillating microbubble, single cells can be trapped at an oscillating microbubble surface. The sonoporation of single cells is directly influenced by the individual oscillating microbubble. The parallel sonoporation of multiple cells is achieved with an efficiency of 96.6 ± 1.74% at an acoustic pressure as low as 41.7 kPa.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXisVWqsLfN&md5=4976243a5dda9ab7b8cd0979e6511d6c

284

Sun, T. ; Zhang, Y. ; Power, C. ; Alexander, P. M. ; Sutton, J. T. ; Aryal, M. ; Vykhodtseva, N. ; Miller, E. L. ; McDannold, N. J. Closed-Loop Control of Targeted Ultrasound Drug Delivery across the Blood-Brain/Tumor Barriers in a Rat Glioma Model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2017, 114 , E10281– E10290, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713328114

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

284

Closed-loop control of targeted ultrasound drug delivery across the blood-brain/tumor barriers in a rat glioma model

Sun, Tao; Zhang, Yongzhi; Power, Chanikarn; Alexander, Phillip M.; Sutton, Jonathan T.; Aryal, Muna; Vykhodtseva, Natalia; Miller, Eric L.; McDannold, Nathan J.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2017), 114 (48), E10281-E10290CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)

Cavitation-facilitated microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound therapy is a promising method of drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for treating many neurol. disorders. Unlike ultrasound thermal therapies, during which magnetic resonance thermometry can serve as a reliable treatment control modality, real-time control of modulated BBB disruption with undetectable vascular damage remains a challenge. Here a closed-loop cavitation controlling paradigm that sustains stable cavitation while suppressing inertial cavitation behavior was designed and validated using a dual-transducer system operating at the clin. relevant ultrasound frequency of 274.3 kHz. Tests in the normal brain and in the F98 glioma model in vivo demonstrated that this controller enables reliable and damage-free delivery of a predetd. amt. of the chemotherapeutic drug (liposomal doxorubicin) into the brain. The max. concn. level of delivered doxorubicin exceeded levels previously shown (using uncontrolled sonication) to induce tumor regression and improve survival in rat glioma. These results confirmed the ability of the controller to modulate the drug delivery dosage within a therapeutically effective range, while improving safety control. It can be readily implemented clin. and potentially applied to other cavitation-enhanced ultrasound therapies.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhvVSisb3L&md5=63a59d0864ec634e0d8396b0b271b297

285

Fletcher, S.-M. P. ; Choi, M. ; Ogrodnik, N. ; O'Reilly, M. A. A Porcine Model of Transvertebral Ultrasound and Microbubble-Mediated Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Opening. Theranostics 2020, 10 , 7758– 7774, DOI: 10.7150/thno.46821

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

285

A porcine model of transvertebral ultrasound and microbubble-mediated blood-spinal cord barrier opening

Fletcher, Stecia-Marie P.; Choi, Min; Ogrodnik, Natalia; O'Reilly, Meaghan A.

Theranostics (2020), 10 (17), 7758-7774CODEN: THERDS; ISSN:1838-7640. (Ivyspring International Publisher)

Blood-spinal cord barrier opening, using focused ultrasound and microbubbles, has the potential to improve drug delivery for the treatment of spinal cord pathologies. Delivering and detecting ultrasound through the spine is a challenge for clin. translation. We have previously developed short burst, phase keying exposures, which can be used in a dual-aperture configuration to address clin. scale targeting challenges. Here we demonstrate the use of these pulses for blood-spinal cord barrier opening, in vivo in pigs. The spinal cords of Yorkshire pigs (n = 8) were targeted through the vertebral laminae, in the lower thoracic to upper lumbar region using focused ultrasound (486 kHz) and microbubbles. Four animals were treated with a combination of pulsed sinusoidal exposures (1.0-4.0 MPa, non-derated) and pulsed short burst, phase keying exposures (1.0-2.0 MPa, non-derated). Four animals were treated using ramped short burst, phase keying exposures (1.8-2.1 MPa, non-derated). A 250 kHz narrowband receiver was used to detect acoustic emissions from microbubbles. Blood-spinal cord barrier opening was assessed by the extravasation of Evans blue dye. Histol. anal. of the spinal cords was used to assess tissue damage and excised vertebral samples were used in benchtop expts. Ramped short burst, phase keying exposures successfully modified the blood-spinal cord barrier at 16/24 targeted locations, as assessed by the extravasation of Evans blue dye. At 4 of these locations, opening was confirmed with minimal adverse effects obsd. through histol. Transmission measurements through excised vertebrae indicated a mean transmission of (47.0 ± 7.0%) to the target. This study presents the first evidence of focused ultrasound-induced blood-spinal cord barrier opening in a large animal model, through the intact spine. This represents an important step towards clin. translation.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXitVWlsbnK&md5=43a475acb11e4e777f1219250f31f020

286

Zhang, N. ; Yan, F. ; Liang, X. ; Wu, M. ; Shen, Y. ; Chen, M. ; Xu, Y. ; Zou, G. ; Jiang, P. ; Tang, C. Localized Delivery of Curcumin into Brain with Polysorbate 80-Modified Cerasomes by Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction for Improved Parkinson's Disease Therapy. Theranostics 2018, 8 , 2264– 2277, DOI: 10.7150/thno.23734

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

286

Localized delivery of curcumin into brain with polysorbate 80-modified cerasomes by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction for improved Parkinson's disease therapy

Zhang, Nisi; Yan, Fei; Liang, Xiaolong; Wu, Manxiang; Shen, Yuanyuan; Chen, Min; Xu, Yunxue; Zou, Guangyang; Jiang, Peng; Tang, Caiyun; Zheng, Hairong; Dai, Zhifei

Theranostics (2018), 8 (8), 2264-2277CODEN: THERDS; ISSN:1838-7640. (Ivyspring International Publisher)

Treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) is challenged by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that significantly limits the effective drug concn. in a patient's brain for therapeutic response throughout various stages of PD. Curcumin holds the potential for α-synuclein clearance to treat PD; however, its applications are still limited due to its low bioavailability and poor permeability through the BBB in a free form. Herein, this paper fabricated curcumin-loaded polysorbate 80-modified cerasome (CPC) nanoparticles (NPs) with a mean diam. of ∼110 nm for enhancing the localized curcumin delivery into the targeted brain nuclei via effective BBB opening in combination with ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD). The liposomal nanohybrid cerasome exhibited superior stability towards PS 80 surfactant solubilization and longer circulation lifetime (t1/2 = 6.22 h), much longer than free curcumin (t1/2 = 0.76 h). The permeation was found to be 1.7-fold higher than that of CPC treatment only at 6 h after the systemic administration of CPC NPs. Notably, motor behaviors, dopamine (DA) level and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression all returned to normal, thanks to α-synuclein (AS) removal mediated by efficient curcumin delivery to the striatum. Most importantly, the animal expt. demonstrated that the 1-methyl-4-phenyl- 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mice had notably improved behavior disorder and dopamine depletion during two-week post-observation after treatment with CPC NPs (15 mg curcumin/kg) coupled with UTMD. This novel CPC-UTMD formulation approach could be an effective, safe and amenable choice with higher therapeutic relevance and fewer unwanted complications than conventional chemotherapeutics delivery systems for PD treatment in the near future.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXit1Gns7%252FN&md5=88f03597d737a03ed7057ec985e051db

287

Tung, Y.-S. ; Vlachos, F. ; Feshitan, J. A. ; Borden, M. A. ; Konofagou, E. E. The Mechanism of Interaction between Focused Ultrasound and Microbubbles in Blood-Brain Barrier Opening in Mice. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2011, 130 , 3059– 3067, DOI: 10.1121/1.3646905

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

287

The mechanism of interaction between focused ultrasound and microbubbles in blood-brain barrier opening in mice

Tung Yao-Sheng; Vlachos Fotios; Feshitan Jameel A; Borden Mark A; Konofagou Elisa E

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (2011), 130 (5), 3059-67 ISSN:.

The activation of bubbles by an acoustic field has been shown to temporarily open the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but the trigger cause responsible for the physiological effects involved in the process of BBB opening remains unknown. Here, the trigger cause (i.e., physical mechanism) of the focused ultrasound-induced BBB opening with monodispersed microbubbles is identified. Sixty-seven mice were injected intravenously with bubbles of 1-2, 4-5, or 6-8 μm in diameter and the concentration of 10(7) numbers/ml. The right hippocampus of each mouse was then sonicated using focused ultrasound (1.5 MHz frequency, 100 cycles pulse length, 10 Hz pulse repetition frequency, 1 min duration). Peak-rarefactional pressures of 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, or 0.60 MPa were applied to identify the threshold of BBB opening and inertial cavitation (IC). Our results suggest that the BBB opens with nonlinear bubble oscillation when the bubble diameter is similar to the capillary diameter and with inertial cavitation when it is not. The bubble may thus have to be in contact with the capillary wall to induce BBB opening without IC. BBB opening was shown capable of being induced safely with nonlinear bubble oscillation at the pressure threshold and its volume was highly dependent on both the acoustic pressure and bubble diameter.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC38%252FgsVyhuw%253D%253D&md5=f3ca97e358ed66793ec77e959cce13ab

288

Samiotaki, G. ; Vlachos, F. ; Tung, Y.-S. ; Konofagou, E. E. A Quantitative Pressure and Microbubble-Size Dependence Study of Focused Ultrasound-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Opening Reversibility in Vivo Using MRI. Magn. Reson. Med. 2012, 67 , 769– 777, DOI: 10.1002/mrm.23063

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

288

A quantitative pressure and microbubble-size dependence study of focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening reversibility in vivo using MRI

Samiotaki Gesthimani; Vlachos Fotios; Tung Yao-Sheng; Konofagou Elisa E

Magnetic resonance in medicine (2012), 67 (3), 769-77 ISSN:.

Focused ultrasound in conjunction with the systemic administration of microbubbles has been shown to open the blood-brain barrier (BBB) selectively, noninvasively and reversibly. In this study, we investigate the dependence of the BBB opening's reversibility on the peak-rarefactional pressure (0.30-0.60 MPa) as well as the microbubble size (diameters of 1-2, 4-5, or 6-8 μm) in mice using contrast-enhanced T(1)-weighted (CE-T(1)) MR images (9.4 T). Volumetric measurements of the diffusion of Gd-DTPA-BMA into the brain parenchyma were used for the quantification of the BBB-opened region on the day of sonication and up to 5 days thereafter. The volume of opening was found to increase with both pressure and microbubble diameter. The duration required for closing was found to be proportional to the volume of opening on the day of opening, and ranged from 24 h, for the smaller microbubbles, to 5 days at high peak-rarefactional pressures. Overall, larger bubbles did not show significant differences. Also, the extent of BBB opening decreased radially towards the focal region until the BBB's integrity was restored. In the cases where histological damage was detected, it was found to be highly correlated with hyperintensity on the precontrast T(1) images.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC383js1ejsg%253D%253D&md5=1031c0c80ae169e4dc84f81f59063001

289

Lin, C.-Y. ; Hsieh, H.-Y. ; Chen, C.-M. ; Wu, S.-R. ; Tsai, C.-H. ; Huang, C.-Y. ; Hua, M.-Y. ; Wei, K.-C. ; Yeh, C.-K. ; Liu, H.-L. Non-Invasive, Neuron-Specific Gene Therapy by Focused Ultrasound-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Opening in Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model. J. Controlled Release 2016, 235 , 72– 81, DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.052

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

289

Non-invasive, neuron-specific gene therapy by focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening in Parkinson's disease mouse model

Lin, Chung-Yin; Hsieh, Han-Yi; Chen, Chiung-Mei; Wu, Shang-Rung; Tsai, Chih-Hung; Huang, Chiung-Yin; Hua, Mu-Yi; Wei, Kuo-Chen; Yeh, Chih-Kuang; Liu, Hao-Li

Journal of Controlled Release (2016), 235 (), 72-81CODEN: JCREEC; ISSN:0168-3659. (Elsevier B.V.)

Focused ultrasound (FUS)-induced with microbubbles (MBs) is a promising technique for noninvasive opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to allow targeted delivery of therapeutic substances into the brain and thus the noninvasive delivery of gene vectors for CNS treatment. We have previously demonstrated that a sepd. gene-carrying liposome and MBs administration plus FUS exposure can deliver genes into the brain, with the successful expression of the reporter gene and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene. In this study, we further modify the delivery system by conjugating gene-carrying liposomes with MBs to improve the GDNF gene-delivery efficiency, and to verify the possibility of using this system to perform treatment in the 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced animal disease model. FUS-BBB opening was verified by contrast-enhanced MRI, and GFP gene expression was verified via in vivo imaging system (IVIS). Western blots as well as ELISA (ELISA) were conducted to measure protein expression, and immunohistochem. (IHC) was conducted to test the Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-neuron distribution. Dopamine (DA) and its metabolites as well as dopamine active transporter (DAT) were quant. analyzed to show dopaminergic neuronal dopamine secretion/activity/metab. Motor performance was evaluated by rotarod test weekly. Results demonstrated that the LpDNA-MBs (gene-liposome-MBs) complexes successfully serve as gene carrier and BBB-opening catalyst, and outperformed the sepd. LpDNA/MBs administration both in terms of gene delivery and expression. TH-pos. IHC and measurement of DA and its metabolites DOPAC and HVA confirmed improved neuronal function, and the proposed system also provided the best neuroprotective effect to retard the progression of motor-related behavioral abnormalities. Immunoblotting and histol. staining further confirmed the expression of reporter genes in neuronal cells. This study suggests that FUS exposures with the administration of LpDNA-MBs complexes synergistically can serve as an effective gene therapy strategy for MPTP-animal treatment, and may have potential for further application to perform gene therapy for neurodegenerative disease.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xpt1ersrw%253D&md5=dcd12530f91b7f5f7c7a4675fc8beb0c

290

Huang, H.-Y. ; Liu, H.-L. ; Hsu, P.-H. ; Chiang, C.-S. ; Tsai, C.-H. ; Chi, H.-S. ; Chen, S.-Y. ; Chen, Y.-Y. A Multitheragnostic Nanobubble System to Induce Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption with Magnetically Guided Focused Ultrasound. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27 , 655– 661, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201403889

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

290

A multitheragnostic nanobubble system to induce blood-brain barrier disruption with magnetically guided focused ultrasound

Huang, Hsin-Yang; Liu, Hao-Li; Hsu, Po-Hung; Chiang, Chih-Sheng; Tsai, Chih-Hung; Chi, Huei-Shang; Chen, San-Yuan; Chen, You-Yin

Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2015), 27 (4), 655-661CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

The authors synthesized magnetically guidable (MG) theranostic sub-micrometer bubbles or nanobubbles (NMBs) with dual-modality contrast to concurrently perform fo enhanced focused ultrasound (FUS)-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and MRI/US dual modality contrast agent imaging by embedding the super paramagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles in a silica shell in MNBs. The proposed MNB platform has the potential to serve as a unique theranostic tool for multimodality imaging systems, and also is a promising mechanism for improved drug delivery of therapeutic substances or gene therapy in central nervous system (CNS).

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXitVWgtLrL&md5=8707ce888a28111293f2a24c591bd18e

291

Schoellhammer, C. M. ; Schroeder, A. ; Maa, R. ; Lauwers, G. Y. ; Swiston, A. ; Zervas, M. ; Barman, R. ; DiCiccio, A. M. ; Brugge, W. R. ; Anderson, D. G. Ultrasound-Mediated Gastrointestinal Drug Delivery. Sci. Transl. Med. 2015, 7 , 310ra168, DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa5937

292

Suslick, K. S. ; Price, G. J. Applications of Ultrasound to Materials Chemistry. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 1999, 29 , 295– 326, DOI: 10.1146/annurev.matsci.29.1.295

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292

Applications of ultrasound to materials chemistry

Suslick, Kenneth S.; Price, Gareth J.

Annual Review of Materials Science (1999), 29 (), 295-326CODEN: ARMSCX; ISSN:0084-6600. (Annual Reviews Inc.)

A review with 144 refs. on the applications of ultrasound in materials science. The chem. effects of ultrasound derive primarily from acoustic cavitation. Bubble collapse in liqs. results in an enormous concn. of energy from the conversion of the kinetic energy of the liq. motion into heating of the contents of the bubble. The high local temps. and pressures, combined with extraordinarily rapid cooling, provide a unique means for driving chem. reactions under extreme conditions. A diverse set of applications of ultrasound to enhance chem. reactivity has been explored with important uses in synthetic materials chem. For example, the sonochem. decompn. of volatile organometallic precursors in low-volatility solvents produces nanostructured materials in various forms with high catalytic activities. Nanostructured metals, alloys, oxides, carbides and sulfides, nanometer colloids, and nanostructured supported catalysts can all be prepd. by this general route. Another important application of sonochem. in materials chem. has been the prepn. of biomaterials, most notably protein microspheres. Such microspheres have a wide range of biomedical applications, including their use in echo contrast agents for sonog., magnetic resonance imaging, contrast enhancement, and oxygen or drug delivery. Other applications include the modification of polymers and polymer surfaces.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK1MXlvFChsb8%253D&md5=47b44763bc866bd25c8ebaa06ab7e2c3

293

Wang, X. ; Zhong, X. ; Gong, F. ; Chao, Y. ; Cheng, L. Newly Developed Strategies for Improving Sonodynamic Therapy. Mater. Horiz. 2020, 7 , 2028– 2046, DOI: 10.1039/D0MH00613K

[Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar

293

Newly developed strategies for improving sonodynamic therapy

Wang, Xianwen; Zhong, Xiaoyan; Gong, Fei; Chao, Yu; Cheng, Liang

Materials Horizons (2020), 7 (8), 2028-2046CODEN: MHAOBM; ISSN:2051-6355. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

A review. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a new therapeutic method, which can kill malignant tumors by using sonosensitizers and low intensity ultrasound (US) simultaneously. Compared with photo-triggered therapy, SDT exhibits lots of benefits and merits, including high accuracy, deeper tissue penetration, good patient compliance, and fewer side effects. US can penetrate the deep tissues and focus on the tumor areas, thereby activating sonosensitizers, which offers the possibility of non-invasively eradicating solid tumors in a targeted manner. However, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) and the low quantum yield of sonosensitizers limit the treatment efficiency of SDT. Therefore, it is crucial to improve the sonodynamic effect. In this minireview, we briefly introduce the possible mechanisms of SDT, including the prodn. of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cavitation effect, and hyperthermia destruction. Then we summarize various newly developed strategies to improve the efficacy of SDT through the use of sonosensitizers based on the mechanisms of SDT, providing a theor. basis for the development of SDT in the future. The strategies to improve the therapeutic efficiency of SDT mainly include: (1) improvement of hypoxia; (2) enhancement of the cavitation effect; (3) consumption of reducing substances (e.g., glutathione, GSH); (4) combination with hypoxia-activated chemotherapeutic drugs; and (5) combination with immunotherapy. In addn., we also focus on the potential strategies of combining SDT with other therapies, and discuss the challenges and limitations of SDT in future clin. applications.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtFGltL%252FN&md5=4ef56242e25326c5260d0b0b7fd776cc

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Beguin, E. ; Shrivastava, S. ; Dezhkunov, N. V. ; McHale, A. P. ; Callan, J. F. ; Stride, E. Direct Evidence of Multibubble Sonoluminescence Using Therapeutic Ultrasound and Microbubbles. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11 , 19913– 19919, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07084

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

294

Direct Evidence of Multibubble Sonoluminescence Using Therapeutic Ultrasound and Microbubbles

Beguin, Estelle; Shrivastava, Shamit; Dezhkunov, Nikolai V.; McHale, Anthony P.; Callan, John F.; Stride, Eleanor

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2019), 11 (22), 19913-19919CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)

The intense conditions generated in the core of a collapsing bubble have been the subject of intense scrutiny from fields as diverse as marine biol. and nuclear fusion. In particular, the phenomenon of sonoluminescence, whereby a collapsing bubble emits light, has received significant attention. Sonoluminescence has been assocd. predominantly with millimeter-sized bubbles excited at low frequencies and under conditions far removed from those assocd. with the use of ultrasound in medicine. In this study, however, the authors demonstrate that sonoluminescence is produced under medically relevant exposure conditions by microbubbles commonly used as contrast agents for ultrasound imaging. This provides a mechanistic explanation for the somewhat controversial reports of "sonodynamic" therapy, in which light-sensitive drugs have been shown to be activated by ultrasound-induced cavitation. To illustrate this, the authors demonstrate the activation of a photodynamic therapy agent using microbubbles and ultrasound. Since ultrasound can be accurately focused at large tissue depths, this opens up the potential for generating light at locations that cannot be reached by external sources. This could be exploited both for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, significantly increasing the range of applications that are currently restricted by the limited penetration of light in the tissue.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXptlKrt7o%253D&md5=d333f9f526f6cd1c73a53442eff33d9d

295

Yumita, N. ; Okudaira, K. ; Momose, Y. ; Umemura, S.-i. Sonodynamically Induced Apoptosis and Active Oxygen Generation by Gallium–Porphyrin Complex, Atx-70. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2010, 66 , 1071– 1078, DOI: 10.1007/s00280-010-1264-6

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295

Sonodynamically induced apoptosis and active oxygen generation by gallium-porphyrin complex, ATX-70

Yumita, Nagahiko; Okudaira, Kazuho; Momose, Yasunori; Umemura, Shin-ichiro

Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology (2010), 66 (6), 1071-1078CODEN: CCPHDZ; ISSN:0344-5704. (Springer)

In this study, we investigated the induction of apoptosis by ultrasound in the presence of the photochem. active gallium-porphyrin complex, 7,12-bis(1-decyloxyethyl)-Ga(III)-3,8,13,17-tetramethyl-porphyrin 2,18-dipropionyl diaspartic acid (ATX-70). HL-60 cells were exposed to ultrasound for up to 3 min in the presence and absence of ATX-70, and the induction of apoptosis was examd. by analyzing cell morphol., DNA fragmentation, and caspase-3 activity. Cells treated with 80 μM ATX-70 and ultrasound clearly showed membrane blebbing and cell shrinkage, whereas significant morphol. changes were not obsd. in cells exposed to either ultrasound or ATX-70 alone. Also, DNA ladder formation and caspase-3 activation were obsd. in cells treated with both ultrasound and ATX-70 but not in cells treated with ultrasound or ATX-70 alone. In addn., the combination of ATX-70 and the same acoustical arrangement of ultrasound substantially enhanced nitroxide generation by the cells. Sonodynamically induced apoptosis, caspase-3 activation, and nitroxide generation were significantly suppressed by histidine. These results indicate that the combination of ultrasound and ATX-70 induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells. The significant redn. in sonodynamically induced apoptosis, nitroxide generation, and caspase-3 activation by histidine suggests that active species such as singlet oxygen are important in the sonodynamic induction of apoptosis.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhtlSjsbnF&md5=11c97c89b7ea20684c243abeb10e386d

296

McCaughan, B. ; Rouanet, C. ; Fowley, C. ; Nomikou, N. ; McHale, A. P. ; McCarron, P. A. ; Callan, J. F. Enhanced ROS Production and Cell Death through Combined Photo- and Sono-Activation of Conventional Photosensitising Drugs. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2011, 21 , 5750– 5752, DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.015

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296

Enhanced ROS production and cell death through combined photo- and sono-activation of conventional photosensitising drugs

McCaughan, Bridgeen; Rouanet, Claire; Fowley, Colin; Nomikou, Nikolitsa; McHale, Anthony P.; McCarron, Paul A.; Callan, John F.

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (2011), 21 (19), 5750-5752CODEN: BMCLE8; ISSN:0960-894X. (Elsevier B.V.)

A combination of light and ultrasound activation of two conventional photosensitizing drugs, methylene blue and rose bengal, was shown to generate higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lower LD50 values than either light or ultrasound activation alone.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXhtFKju7vM&md5=e0282d3e58812a4ae7b6adc884ddd686

297

Ebrahimi Fard, A. ; Zarepour, A. ; Zarrabi, A. ; Shanei, A. ; Salehi, H. Synergistic Effect of the Combination of Triethylene-Glycol Modified Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles and Ultrasound Wave on MCF-7 Cells. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2015, 394 , 44– 49, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.06.040

[Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar

297

Synergistic effect of the combination of triethylene-glycol modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles and ultrasound wave on MCF-7 cells

Ebrahimi Fard, Ali; Zarepour, Atefeh; Zarrabi, Ali; Shanei, Ahmad; Salehi, Hossein

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (2015), 394 (), 44-49CODEN: JMMMDC; ISSN:0304-8853. (Elsevier B.V.)

Cancer is a group of disease characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body. The clin. treatments for cancer include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Currently, employing new approaches for treatment has attracted more attentions. One of these approaches is sonodynamic therapy, which is an analogous approach based on the synergistic effect of ultrasound and a chem. component referred to as sonosensitizer. Recent years applications of nanotechnol. have witnessed a tremendous expansion of research in medicine esp. in treatment of cancers. The combination of sonodynamic therapy and nanotechnol. can introduce a new way for cancer therapy. In this study, we used therapeutic ultrasonic waves with intensity of 1 MHz and different concns. of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, as sonosensitizer, to investigate their combination effect on MCF-7 cell line. Briefly, we divided cells into four different groups; control, cells which got in touch with nanoparticles, cells that with exposure to ultrasound waves and cells which were influenced with combination of nanoparticles and ultrasonic waves. Finally, cell viability assay was used for detection of cytotoxicity effects. Exptl. results revealed a significant decrease in viability of cells, which were affected by the combined action of ultrasound field and Fe3O4 nanoparticles, compared to the sep. exposure of Fe3O4 nanoparticles or ultrasonic field. The synergic effect of ultrasound waves and Fe ions might be due to the prodn. of toxic free radicals.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtFKgur7M&md5=aa1da6978570184811127c99bf025969

298

Lee, J. ; Kim, J.-H. ; You, D. G. ; Kim, S. ; Um, W. ; Jeon, J. ; Kim, C. H. ; Joo, H. ; Yi, G.-R. ; Park, J. H. Cavitation-Inducible Mesoporous Silica–Titania Nanoparticles for Cancer Sonotheranostics. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2020, 9 , 2000877, DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000877

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298

Cavitation-Inducible Mesoporous Silica-Titania Nanoparticles for Cancer Sonotheranostics

Lee, Jeongjin; Kim, Jae-Hyun; You, Dong Gil; Kim, Sohyun; Um, Wooram; Jeon, Jueun; Kim, Chan Ho; Joo, Hyeyeon; Yi, Gi-Ra; Park, Jae Hyung

Advanced Healthcare Materials (2020), 9 (19), 2000877CODEN: AHMDBJ; ISSN:2192-2640. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

Sonodynamic therapy has received increasing attention for cancer treatments as an alternative to photodynamic therapy. However, its clin. applications have been limited by the lack of a sonosensitizer that is capable of producing sufficient amts. of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to ultrasound (US) exposure. Herein, PEGylated mesoporous silica-titania nanoparticles (P-MSTNs) are prepd. and used as US-responsive nanocarriers for cancer sonotheranostics. Perfluorohexane (PFH), which is chosen as the gas precursor, is phys. encapsulated into P-MSTNs using the oil-in-water emulsion method. Owing to the vaporization of the gas precursor, [email protected] (137 nm in diam.) exhibit a strong photoacoustic signal in vivo for at least 6 h. Compared to P-MSTNs, [email protected] generate significantly higher amts. of ROS due to the nanobubble-induced cavitation in the presence of US. When systemically administered to tumor-bearing mice, [email protected] effectively accumulate in the tumor site due to the passive targeting mechanism. Consequently, [email protected] show much higher antitumor efficacy than P-MSTNs due to the enhanced cavitation-mediated ROS generation in response to US exposure. It is considered that [email protected] may hold significant potential for cancer sonotheranostics.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhslGhs77K&md5=0d3ac68a163fea08b98cd21d0b3e3938

299

Harada, Y. ; Ogawa, K. ; Irie, Y. ; Endo, H. ; Feril, L. B., Jr ; Uemura, T. ; Tachibana, K. Ultrasound Activation of TiO₂ in Melanoma Tumors. J. Controlled Release 2011, 149 , 190– 195, DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.10.012

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

299

Ultrasound activation of TiO2 in melanoma tumors

Harada, Yoshimi; Ogawa, Ko-Ichi; Irie, Yutaka; Endo, Hitomi; Feril, Loreto B., Jr.; Uemura, Tetsuji; Tachibana, Katsuro

Journal of Controlled Release (2011), 149 (2), 190-195CODEN: JCREEC; ISSN:0168-3659. (Elsevier B.V.)

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a new modality using ultrasound (US) to activate certain chem. sensitizers for cancer therapy. In this study, the effect of US combined with a nanoparticle titanium dioxide (TiO2) on melanoma cell was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Melanoma cells (C32) were irradiated with US in the presence and/or absence of TiO2. Cell viability was measured immediately after US irradn. (1 MHz, 0.5 and 1.0 W/Cm2 for 10 s). The effect of the combination of TiO2 and US exposure (1 MHz, 1.0 W/Cm2, 2 min duration) on s.c. implanted C32 solid tumors in mice were investigated by measuring tumor vol. regression. The cell viability was significantly decreased only after US irradn. in the presence of TiO2. In vivo results showed significant inhibition of tumor growth in groups treated with TiO2 and US. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the cell killing effect of TiO2 nanoparticles under the irradn. US in vitro and in vivo.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXmtVyrtw%253D%253D&md5=e7e038c07fce4cf945204cddf3abad29

300

Horise, Y. ; Maeda, M. ; Konishi, Y. ; Okamoto, J. ; Ikuta, S. ; Okamoto, Y. ; Ishii, H. ; Yoshizawa, S. ; Umemura, S. ; Ueyama, T. Sonodynamic Therapy with Anticancer Micelles and High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound in Treatment of Canine Cancer. Front. Pharmacol. 2019, 10 , 545, DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00545

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

300

Sonodynamic therapy with anticancer micelles and high-intensity focused ultrasound in treatment of canine cancer

Horise, Yuki; Maeda, Masanori; Konishi, Yoshiyuki; Okamoto, Jun; Ikuta, Soko; Okamoto, Yoshiharu; Ishii, Hiroshi; Yoshizawa, Shin; Umemura, Shinichiro; Ueyama, Tsuyoshi; Tamano, Satoshi; Sofuni, Atsushi; Takemae, Kazuhisa; Masamune, Ken; Iseki, Hiroshi; Nishiyama, Nobuhiro; Kataoka, Kazunori; Muragaki, Yoshihiro

Frontiers in Pharmacology (2019), 10 (), 545CODEN: FPRHAU; ISSN:1663-9812. (Frontiers Media S.A.)

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a minimally invasive anticancer therapy involving a chem. sonosensitizer and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). SDT enables the redn. of drug dose and HIFU irradn. power compared to those of conventional monotherapies. In our previous study, mouse models of colon and pancreatic cancer were used to confirm the effectiveness of SDT vs. drug-only or HIFU-only therapy. To validate its usefulness, we performed a clin. trial of SDT using an anticancer micelle (NC-6300) and our HIFU system in four pet dogs with spontaneous tumors, including chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, hepatocellular cancer, and prostate cancer. The fact that no adverse events were obsd., suggests the usefulness of SDT.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXisVGksLrE&md5=a9b298f35eefc1dd7bcccca1a9c805e2

301

Nomikou, N. ; Fowley, C. ; Byrne, N. M. ; McCaughan, B. ; McHale, A. P. ; Callan, J. F. Microbubble-Sonosensitiser Conjugates as Therapeutics in Sonodynamic Therapy. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48 , 8332– 8334, DOI: 10.1039/c2cc33913g

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301

Microbubble-sonosensitiser conjugates as therapeutics in sonodynamic therapy

Nomikou, Nikolitsa; Fowley, Colin; Byrne, Niall M.; McCaughan, Bridgeen; McHale, Anthony P.; Callan, John F.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, United Kingdom) (2012), 48 (67), 8332-8334CODEN: CHCOFS; ISSN:1359-7345. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

A Rose Bengal sonosensitizer has been covalently attached to a lipid microbubble and the resulting conjugate shown to produce higher levels of singlet oxygen, enhanced cytotoxicity in a cancer cell line and a greater redn. in tumor growth than the sonosensitizer alone.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhtFSls7rO&md5=938d34747ca9623982b0083314a78917

302

Celli, J. P. ; Spring, B. Q. ; Rizvi, I. ; Evans, C. L. ; Samkoe, K. S. ; Verma, S. ; Pogue, B. W. ; Hasan, T. Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy: Mechanisms, Monitoring, and Optimization. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110 , 2795– 2838, DOI: 10.1021/cr900300p

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

302

Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy: Mechanisms, Monitoring, and Optimization

Celli, Jonathan P.; Spring, Bryan Q.; Rizvi, Imran; Evans, Conor L.; Samkoe, Kimberley S.; Verma, Sarika; Pogue, Brian W.; Hasan, Tayyaba

Chemical Reviews (Washington, DC, United States) (2010), 110 (5), 2795-2838CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665. (American Chemical Society)

A review.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXktVeqt7o%253D&md5=43f42186964bfb1227739a8acaf82077

303

Canavese, G. ; Ancona, A. ; Racca, L. ; Canta, M. ; Dumontel, B. ; Barbaresco, F. ; Limongi, T. ; Cauda, V. Nanoparticle-Assisted Ultrasound: A Special Focus on Sonodynamic Therapy against Cancer. Chem. Eng. J. 2018, 340 , 155– 172, DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.01.060

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303

Nanoparticle-assisted ultrasound: A special focus on sonodynamic therapy against cancer

Canavese, Giancarlo; Ancona, Andrea; Racca, Luisa; Canta, Marta; Dumontel, Bianca; Barbaresco, Federica; Limongi, Tania; Cauda, Valentina

Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2018), 340 (), 155-172CODEN: CMEJAJ; ISSN:1385-8947. (Elsevier B.V.)

At present, ultrasound radiation is broadly employed in medicine for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes at various frequencies and intensities. In this review article, we focus on therapeutically-active nanoparticles (NPs) when stimulated by ultrasound. We first introduce the different ultrasound-based therapies with special attention to the techniques involved in the oncol. field, then we summarize the different NPs used, ranging from soft materials, like liposomes or micro/nano-bubbles, to metal and metal oxide NPs. We therefore focus on the sonodynamic therapy and on the possible working mechanisms under debate of NPs-assisted sonodynamic treatments. We support the idea that various, complex and synergistics phys.-chem. processes take place during acoustic cavitation and NP activation. Different mechanisms are therefore responsible for the final cancer cell death and strongly depends not only on the type and structure of NPs or nanocarriers, but also on the way they interact with the ultrasonic pressure waves. We conclude with a brief overview of the clin. applications of the various ultrasound therapies and the related use of NPs-assisted ultrasound in clinics, showing that this very innovative and promising approach is however still at its infancy in the clin. cancer treatment.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtVOjt7c%253D&md5=0f3cf6301d8dfac287b97f1fac3fdfd5

304

Rosenthal, I. ; Sostaric, J. Z. ; Riesz, P. Sonodynamic Therapy–A Review of the Synergistic Effects of Drugs and Ultrasound. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2004, 11 , 349– 363, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2004.03.004

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

304

Sonodynamic therapy--a review of the synergistic effects of drugs and ultrasound

Rosenthal, Ionel; Sostaric, Joe Z.; Riesz, Peter

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry (2004), 11 (6), 349-363CODEN: ULSOER; ISSN:1350-4177. (Elsevier B.V.)

A review. Sonodynamic therapy, the ultrasound dependent enhancement of cytotoxic activities of certain compds. (sonosensitizers) in studies with cells in vitro and in tumor bearing animals, is reviewed. The attractive features of this modality for cancer treatment emerges from the ability to focus the ultrasound energy on malignancy sites buried deep in tissues and to locally activate a preloaded sonosensitizer. Possible mechanisms of sonodynamic therapy include generation of sonosensitizer derived radicals which initiate chain peroxidn. of membrane lipids via peroxyl and/or alkoxyl radicals, the phys. destabilization of the cell membrane by the sonosensitizer thereby rendering the cell more susceptible to shear forces or ultrasound enhanced drug transport across the cell membrane (sonoporation). Evidence against the role of singlet oxygen in sonodynamic therapy is discussed. The mechanism of sonodynamic therapy is probably not governed by a universal mechanism, but may be influenced by multiple factors including the nature of the biol. model, the sonosensitizer and the ultrasound parameters. The current review emphasizes the effect of ultrasound induced free radicals in sonodynamic therapy.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2cXmtlyrsrc%253D&md5=be62ecc5a3eb73a59d6754968b6497a1

305

Haswell, E. S. ; Phillips, R. ; Rees, D. C. Mechanosensitive Channels: What Can They Do and How Do They Do It?. Structure 2011, 19 , 1356– 1369, DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.09.005

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305

Mechanosensitive channels: What can they do and how do they do it?

Haswell, Elizabeth S.; Phillips, Rob; Rees, Douglas C.

Structure (Cambridge, MA, United States) (2011), 19 (10), 1356-1369CODEN: STRUE6; ISSN:0969-2126. (Cell Press)

A review. While mechanobiol. processes employ diverse mechanisms, at their heart are force-induced perturbations in the structure and dynamics of mols. capable of triggering subsequent events. Among the best characterized force-sensing systems are bacterial mechanosensitive channels. These channels reflect an intimate coupling of protein conformation with the mechanics of the surrounding membrane; the membrane serves as an adaptable sensor that responds to an input of applied force and converts it into an output signal, interpreted for the cell by mechanosensitive channels. The cell can exploit this information in a no. of ways: ensuring cellular viability in the presence of osmotic stress and perhaps also serving as a signal transducer for membrane tension or other functions. Here, the authors focus on bacterial mechanosensitive channels of large (MscL) and small (MscS) conductance and their eukaryotic homologs, with an emphasis on the outstanding issues surrounding the function and mechanism of this fascinating class of mols.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXhtlejtrnN&md5=9fa3f5a09106969f3eb21f470ddb2e4b

306

Tufail, Y. ; Yoshihiro, A. ; Pati, S. ; Li, M. M. ; Tyler, W. J. Ultrasonic Neuromodulation by Brain Stimulation with Transcranial Ultrasound. Nat. Protoc. 2011, 6 , 1453– 1470, DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.371

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306

Ultrasonic neuromodulation by brain stimulation with transcranial ultrasound

Tufail, Yusuf; Yoshihiro, Anna; Pati, Sandipan; Li, Monica M.; Tyler, William J.

Nature Protocols (2011), 6 (9), 1453-1470CODEN: NPARDW; ISSN:1750-2799. (Nature Publishing Group)

Brain stimulation methods are indispensable to the study of brain function. They have also proven effective for treating some neurol. disorders. Historically used for medical imaging, ultrasound (US) has recently been shown to be capable of noninvasively stimulating brain activity. Here we provide a general protocol for the stimulation of intact mouse brain circuits using transcranial US, and, using a traditional mouse model of epilepsy, we describe how to use transcranial US to disrupt electrog. seizure activity. The advantages of US for brain stimulation are that it does not necessitate surgery or genetic alteration, but it confers spatial resolns. superior to other noninvasive methods such as transcranial magnetic stimulation. With a basic working knowledge of electrophysiol., and after an initial setup, ultrasonic neuromodulation (UNMOD) can be implemented in less than 1 h. Using the general protocol that we describe, UNMOD can be readily adapted to support a broad range of studies on brain circuit function and dysfunction.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXhtFWku73L&md5=53ccf1a24b47d6cf3666cdfce773d450

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Maresca, D. ; Lakshmanan, A. ; Abedi, M. ; Bar-Zion, A. ; Farhadi, A. ; Lu, G. J. ; Szablowski, J. O. ; Wu, D. ; Yoo, S. ; Shapiro, M. G. Biomolecular Ultrasound and Sonogenetics. Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2018, 9 , 229– 252, DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060817-084034

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307

Biomolecular Ultrasound and Sonogenetics

Maresca David; Bar-Zion Avinoam; Lu George J; Szablowski Jerzy O; Yoo Sangjin; Shapiro Mikhail G; Lakshmanan Anupama; Abedi Mohamad; Farhadi Arash; Wu Di

Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering (2018), 9 (), 229-252 ISSN:.

Visualizing and modulating molecular and cellular processes occurring deep within living organisms is fundamental to our study of basic biology and disease. Currently, the most sophisticated tools available to dynamically monitor and control cellular events rely on light-responsive proteins, which are difficult to use outside of optically transparent model systems, cultured cells, or surgically accessed regions owing to strong scattering of light by biological tissue. In contrast, ultrasound is a widely used medical imaging and therapeutic modality that enables the observation and perturbation of internal anatomy and physiology but has historically had limited ability to monitor and control specific cellular processes. Recent advances are beginning to address this limitation through the development of biomolecular tools that allow ultrasound to connect directly to cellular functions such as gene expression. Driven by the discovery and engineering of new contrast agents, reporter genes, and bioswitches, the nascent field of biomolecular ultrasound carries a wave of exciting opportunities.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1MnltFaktA%253D%253D&md5=30569feaf8d261d08241f9818d9c125d

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Naor, O. ; Krupa, S. ; Shoham, S. Ultrasonic Neuromodulation. J. Neural Eng. 2016, 13 , 031003, DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/13/3/031003

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308

Ultrasonic neuromodulation

Naor Omer; Krupa Steve; Shoham Shy

Journal of neural engineering (2016), 13 (3), 031003 ISSN:.

Ultrasonic waves can be non-invasively steered and focused into mm-scale regions across the human body and brain, and their application in generating controlled artificial modulation of neuronal activity could therefore potentially have profound implications for neural science and engineering. Ultrasonic neuro-modulation phenomena were experimentally observed and studied for nearly a century, with recent discoveries on direct neural excitation and suppression sparking a new wave of investigations in models ranging from rodents to humans. In this paper we review the physics, engineering and scientific aspects of ultrasonic fields, their control in both space and time, and their effect on neuronal activity, including a survey of both the field's foundational history and of recent findings. We describe key constraints encountered in this field, as well as key engineering systems developed to surmount them. In closing, the state of the art is discussed, with an emphasis on emerging research and clinical directions.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC28bmvVygtg%253D%253D&md5=4d58a61dbdf48b7a823de2a43ef1f696

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Blackmore, J. ; Shrivastava, S. ; Sallet, J. ; Butler, C. R. ; Cleveland, R. O. Ultrasound Neuromodulation: A Review of Results, Mechanisms and Safety. Ultrasound Med. Bio. 2019, 45 , 1509– 1536, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.12.015

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309

Ultrasound Neuromodulation: A Review of Results, Mechanisms and Safety

Blackmore Joseph; Shrivastava Shamit; Sallet Jerome; Butler Chris R; Cleveland Robin O

Ultrasound in medicine & biology (2019), 45 (7), 1509-1536 ISSN:.

Ultrasonic neuromodulation is a rapidly growing field, in which low-intensity ultrasound (US) is delivered to nervous system tissue, resulting in transient modulation of neural activity. This review summarizes the findings in the central and peripheral nervous systems from mechanistic studies in cell culture to cognitive behavioral studies in humans. The mechanisms by which US mechanically interacts with neurons and could affect firing are presented. An in-depth safety assessment of current studies shows that parameters for the human studies fall within the safety envelope for US imaging. Challenges associated with accurately targeting US and monitoring the response are described. In conclusion, the literature supports the use of US as a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation modality with improved spatial localization and depth targeting compared with alternative methods. US neurostimulation has the potential to be used both as a scientific instrument to investigate brain function and as a therapeutic modality to modulate brain activity.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3M7nvVKnsQ%253D%253D&md5=69be8776bd4d2534d8e975813ece50cc

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Kamimura, H. A. S. ; Conti, A. ; Toschi, N. ; Konofagou, E. Ultrasound Neuromodulation: Mechanisms and the Potential of Multi-Modal Stimulation for Neuronal Function Assessment. Front. Phys. 2020, 8 , 150, DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2020.00150

311

Wang, S. ; Meng, W. ; Ren, Z. ; Li, B. ; Zhu, T. ; Chen, H. ; Wang, Z. ; He, B. ; Zhao, D. ; Jiang, H. Ultrasonic Neuromodulation and Sonogenetics: A New Era for Neural Modulation. Front. Physiol. 2020, 11 , 787, DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00787

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311

Ultrasonic Neuromodulation and Sonogenetics: A New Era for Neural Modulation

Wang Songyun; Li Binxun; Zhu Tongjian; Chen Hui; Wang Zhen; He Bo; Jiang Hong; Meng Weilun; Ren Zhongyuan; Zhao Dongdong; Meng Weilun; Ren Zhongyuan

Frontiers in physiology (2020), 11 (), 787 ISSN:1664-042X.

Non-invasive ultrasonic neural modulation (UNM), a non-invasive technique with enhanced spatial focus compared to conventional electrical neural modulation, has attracted much attention in recent decades and might become the mainstream regimen for neurological disorders. However, as ultrasonic bioeffects and its adjustments are still unclear, it remains difficult to be extensively applied for therapeutic purpose, much less in the setting of human skull. Hence to comprehensively understand the way ultrasound exerts bioeffects, we explored UNM from a basic perspective by illustrating the parameter settings and the underlying mechanisms. In addition, although the spatial resolution and precision of UNM are considerable, UNM is relatively non-specific to tissue or cell type and shows very low specificity at the molecular level. Surprisingly, Ibsen et al. (2015) first proposed the concept of sonogenetics, which combined UNM and mechanosensitive (MS) channel protein. This emerging approach is a valuable improvement, as it may markedly increase the precision and spatial resolution of UNM. It seemed to be an inspiring tool with high accuracy and specificity, however, little information about sonogenetics is currently available. Thus, in order to provide an overview of sonogenetics and prompt the researches on UNM, we summarized the potential mechanisms from a molecular level.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB38fisVyksg%253D%253D&md5=e6f4a951ee30538decdd851c3bc79e74

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Ibsen, S. ; Tong, A. ; Schutt, C. ; Esener, S. ; Chalasani, S. H. Sonogenetics is a Non-Invasive Approach to Activating Neurons in Caenorhabditis Elegans. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6 , 8264, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9264

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312

Sonogenetics is a non-invasive approach to activating neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans

Ibsen, Stuart; Tong, Ada; Schutt, Carolyn; Esener, Sadik; Chalasani, Sreekanth H.

Nature Communications (2015), 6 (), 8264CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)

A major challenge in neuroscience is to reliably activate individual neurons, particularly those in deeper brain regions. Current optogenetic approaches require invasive surgical procedures to deliver light of specific wavelengths to target cells to activate or silence them. Here, we demonstrate the use of low-pressure ultrasound as a non-invasive trigger to activate specific ultrasonically sensitized neurons in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. We first show that wild-type animals are insensitive to low-pressure ultrasound and require gas-filled microbubbles to transduce the ultrasound wave. We find that neuron-specific misexpression of TRP-4, the pore-forming subunit of a mechanotransduction channel, sensitizes neurons to ultrasound stimulus, resulting in behavioral outputs. Furthermore, we use this approach to manipulate the function of sensory neurons and interneurons and identify a role for PVD sensory neurons in modifying locomotory behaviors. We suggest that this method can be broadly applied to manipulate cellular functions in vivo.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhsFeis7rO&md5=a90726a08adbbfdc319b5b7437519b5b

313

Gao, Q. ; Cooper, P. R. ; Walmsley, A. D. ; Scheven, B. A. Role of Piezo Channels in Ultrasound-Stimulated Dental Stem Cells. J. Endodontics 2017, 43 , 1130– 1136, DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.02.022

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

313

Role of Piezo Channels in Ultrasound-stimulated Dental Stem Cells

Gao Qianhua; Cooper Paul R; Walmsley A Damien; Scheven Ben A

Journal of endodontics (2017), 43 (7), 1130-1136 ISSN:.

INTRODUCTION: Piezo1 and Piezo2 are mechanosensitive membrane ion channels. We hypothesized that Piezo proteins may play a role in transducing ultrasound-associated mechanical signals and activate downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling processes in dental cells. In this study, the expression and role of Piezo channels were investigated in dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) after treatment with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS). METHODS: Cell proliferation was evaluated by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Western blots were used to analyze the proliferating cell nuclear antigen as well as the transcription factors c-fos and c-jun. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting were used to determine the activation of MAPK after LIPUS treatment. Ruthenium red (RR), a Piezo ion channel blocker, was applied to determine the functional role of Piezo proteins in LIPUS-stimulated cell proliferation and MAPK signaling. RESULTS: Western blotting showed the presence of Piezo1 and Piezo2 in both dental cell types. LIPUS treatment significantly increased the level of the Piezo proteins in DPSCs after 24 hours; however, no significant effects were observed in PDLSCs. Treatment with RR significantly inhibited LIPUS-stimulated DPSC proliferation but not PDLSC proliferation. Extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) 1/2 MAPK was consistently activated in DPSCs over a 24-hour time period after LIPUS exposure, whereas phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPK were mainly increased in PDLSCs. RR affected MAPK signaling in both dental cell types with its most prominent effects on ERK1/2/MAPK phosphorylation levels; the significant inhibition of LIPUS-induced stimulation of ERK1/2 activation in DPSCs by RR suggests that stimulation of DPSC proliferation by LIPUS involves Piezo-mediated regulation of ERK1/2 MAPK signaling. CONCLUSIONS: This study for the first time supports the role of Piezo ion channels in transducing the LIPUS response in dental stem cells.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1crps1ehsw%253D%253D&md5=939a1bbe9fed4596e9829e49014ccbc9

314

Sugimoto, A. ; Miyazaki, A. ; Kawarabayashi, K. ; Shono, M. ; Akazawa, Y. ; Hasegawa, T. ; Ueda-Yamaguchi, K. ; Kitamura, T. ; Yoshizaki, K. ; Fukumoto, S. Piezo Type Mechanosensitive Ion Channel Component 1 Functions As a Regulator of the Cell Fate Determination of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7 , 17696, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18089-0

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

314

Piezo type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1 functions as a regulator of the cell fate determination of mesenchymal stem cells

Sugimoto Asuna; Miyazaki Aya; Kawarabayashi Keita; Akazawa Yuki; Hasegawa Tomokazu; Ueda-Yamaguchi Kimiko; Kitamura Takamasa; Iwamoto Tsutomu; Shono Masayuki; Yoshizaki Keigo; Fukumoto Satoshi

Scientific reports (2017), 7 (1), 17696 ISSN:.

The extracellular environment regulates the dynamic behaviors of cells. However, the effects of hydrostatic pressure (HP) on cell fate determination of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are not clearly understood. Here, we established a cell culture chamber to control HP. Using this system, we found that the promotion of osteogenic differentiation by HP is depend on bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) expression regulated by Piezo type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1 (PIEZO1) in MSCs. The PIEZO1 was expressed and induced after HP loading in primary MSCs and MSC lines, UE7T-13 and SDP11. HP and Yoda1, an activator of PIEZO1, promoted BMP2 expression and osteoblast differentiation, whereas inhibits adipocyte differentiation. Conversely, PIEZO1 inhibition reduced osteoblast differentiation and BMP2 expression. Furthermore, Blocking of BMP2 function by noggin inhibits HP induced osteogenic maker genes expression. In addition, in an in vivo model of medaka with HP loading, HP promoted caudal fin ray development whereas inhibition of piezo1 using GsMTx4 suppressed its development. Thus, our results suggested that PIEZO1 is responsible for HP and could functions as a factor for cell fate determination of MSCs by regulating BMP2 expression.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1MzivFehtQ%253D%253D&md5=b043e7b34463116d765bb019311b8f7e

315

Qiu, Z. ; Guo, J. ; Kala, S. ; Zhu, J. ; Xian, Q. ; Qiu, W. ; Li, G. ; Zhu, T. ; Meng, L. ; Zhang, R. The Mechanosensitive Ion Channel Piezo1 Significantly Mediates in Vitro Ultrasonic Stimulation of Neurons. iScience 2019, 21 , 448– 457, DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.037

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

315

The Mechanosensitive Ion Channel Piezo1 Significantly Mediates In Vitro Ultrasonic Stimulation of Neurons

Qiu Zhihai; Kala Shashwati; Zhu Jiejun; Xian Quanxiang; Zhu Ting; Zhang Rui; Guo Jinghui; Qiu Weibao; Li Guofeng; Meng Long; Chan Hsiao Chang; Zheng Hairong; Sun Lei

iScience (2019), 21 (), 448-457 ISSN:.

Ultrasound brain stimulation is a promising modality for probing brain function and treating brain disease non-invasively and with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, the mechanism underlying its effects remains unclear. Here, we examine the role that the mouse piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1 (Piezo1) plays in mediating the in vitro effects of ultrasound in mouse primary cortical neurons and a neuronal cell line. We show that ultrasound alone could activate heterologous and endogenous Piezo1, initiating calcium influx and increased nuclear c-Fos expression in primary neurons but not when pre-treated with a Piezo1 inhibitor. We also found that ultrasound significantly increased the expression of the important proteins phospho-CaMKII, phospho-CREB, and c-Fos in a neuronal cell line, but Piezo1 knockdown significantly reduced this effect. Our findings demonstrate that the activity of mechanosensitive ion channels such as Piezo1 stimulated by ultrasound is an important contributor to its ability to stimulate cells in vitro.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3Mjnt1Sntw%253D%253D&md5=9e46f78f000d0a3adfabefe5c1618865

316

Liao, D. ; Li, F. ; Lu, D. ; Zhong, P. Activation of Piezo1Mechanosensitive Ion Channel in HEK293T Cells by 30 MHz Vertically Deployed Surface Acoustic Waves. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2019, 518 , 541– 547, DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.078

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

316

Activation of Piezo1 mechanosensitive ion channel in HEK293T cells by 30 MHz vertically deployed surface acoustic waves

Liao, Defei; Li, Fenfang; Lu, David; Zhong, Pei

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications (2019), 518 (3), 541-547CODEN: BBRCA9; ISSN:0006-291X. (Elsevier B.V.)

Ultrasound (US) has emerged as a promising noninvasive modality for neuromodulation. Despite previous evidence that US may mediate cellular response by activating mechanosensitive ion channels embedded in the cell membrane, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. In this work, we developed a vertically deployed surface acoustic wave (VD-SAW) platform that generates 30 MHz focused ultrasound wave for mech. stimulation of single cells. We investigated the role of Piezo1 in mediating the intracellular calcium response ([Ca2+]i) of HEK293T cells in response to pulsed US operated at a peak pressure of 1.6 MPa with 20% duty cycle, and a total treatment time of 60 s. We obsd. that the elicited calcium response depends critically on the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) or burst duration of the US, as well as the presence of the Piezo1. Significantly higher [Ca2+]i increase was produced in the Piezo1-transfected (P1TF) than in the Piezo1-knockout (P1KO) HEK293T cells. Furthermore, higher calcium response probability, stronger and faster [Ca2+]i increase, and greater cell displacement were produced at 2 Hz PRF with 100 ms burst duration than 200 Hz PRF with 1 ms burst duration. Altogether, we have demonstrated that the VD-SAW platform provides a unique and versatile tool for investigating US-induced mechanotransduction at the single cell level.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhs1ems7zJ&md5=8675aefc24f8cf9843a13b1b1c07fdd2

317

Kubanek, J. ; Shi, J. ; Marsh, J. ; Chen, D. ; Deng, C. ; Cui, J. Ultrasound Modulates Ion Channel Currents. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6 , 24170, DOI: 10.1038/srep24170

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

317

Ultrasound modulates ion channel currents

Kubanek, Jan; Shi, Jingyi; Marsh, Jon; Chen, Di; Deng, Cheri; Cui, Jianmin

Scientific Reports (2016), 6 (), 24170CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)

Transcranial focused ultrasound (US) has been demonstrated to stimulate neurons in animals and humans, but the mechanism of this effect is unknown. It has been hypothesized that US, a mech. stimulus, may mediate cellular discharge by activating mechanosensitive ion channels embedded within cellular membranes. To test this hypothesis, we expressed potassium and sodium mechanosensitive ion channels (channels of the two-pore-domain potassium family (K2P) including TREK-1, TREK-2, TRAAK; NaV1.5) in the Xenopus oocyte system. Focused US (10 MHz, 0.3-4.9 W/cm2) modulated the currents flowing through the ion channels on av. by up to 23%, depending on channel and stimulus intensity. The effects were reversible upon repeated stimulation and were abolished when a channel blocker (ranolazine to block NaV1.5, BaCl2 to block K2P channels) was applied to the soln. These data reveal at the single cell level that focused US modulates the activity of specific ion channels to mediate transmembrane currents. These findings open doors to investigations of the effects of US on ion channels expressed in neurons, retinal cells, or cardiac cells, which may lead to important medical applications. The findings may also pave the way to the development of sonogenetics: a non-invasive, US-based analog of optogenetics.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XmvFamt7w%253D&md5=2096ef90a451387ff369012565f95199

318

He, T. ; Wang, H. ; Wang, T. ; Pang, G. ; Zhang, Y. ; Zhang, C. ; Yu, P. ; Chang, J. Sonogenetic Nanosystem Activated Mechanosensitive Ion Channel to Induce Cell Apoptosis for Cancer Immunotherapy. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 407 , 127173, DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127173

[Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar

318

Sonogenetic nanosystem activated mechanosensitive ion channel to induce cell apoptosis for cancer immunotherapy

He, Tiandi; Wang, HanJie; Wang, Tiange; Pang, GaoJu; Zhang, YingYing; Zhang, Chaonan; Yu, Peng; Chang, Jin

Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2021), 407 (), 127173CODEN: CMEJAJ; ISSN:1385-8947. (Elsevier B.V.)

Currently, tumor immunotherapy based on small chem. mols. has become a promising antitumor therapeutic strategy. However, its clin. application has been mainly limited by the damage to normal tissues caused strong side effects. Here we show that a sonogenetic nanosystem to activate mechanosensitive ion channels to induce cell apoptosis for achieving accurate adjustable and safe cancer immunotherapy. This system consisted of nanogel, MSCL (mechanosensor) plasmids and transfection reagent PEI. Nanogel was used as a carrier to realize MSCL plasmids and PEI delivery into tumor cells. Mechanosensitive MSCL ion channels express in cells surfaces responding to ultrasound signaling. Upon ultrasound, MSCL ion channels open to cause continuous Ca2+ overload activating cell apoptosis, so as to accurately regulate cell apoptosis without affecting other tissues cells. In vivo, the melanoma model of C57BL-6 mice was studied as an example. The results show that cell fragments produced by cell apoptosis act as tumor-assocd. antigens to safely promote DC maturation and CD8+T cell activation up to 17.7% and 17.6%, resp. Together, this sonogenetic nanosystem may provide a new method for cancer immunotherapy and also expand the application of sonogenetics.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXitVehsb%252FJ&md5=4b48944fce4166159ba8a1325b2bf6d7

319

Pan, Y. ; Yoon, S. ; Sun, J. ; Huang, Z. ; Lee, C. ; Allen, M. ; Wu, Y. ; Chang, Y.-J. ; Sadelain, M. ; Shung, K. K. Mechanogenetics for the Remote and Noninvasive Control of Cancer Immunotherapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2018, 115 , 992– 997, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714900115

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

319

Mechanogenetics for the remote and noninvasive control of cancer immunotherapy

Pan, Yijia; Yoon, Sangpil; Sun, Jie; Huang, Ziliang; Lee, Changyang; Allen, Molly; Wu, Yiqian; Chang, Ya-Ju; Sadelain, Michel; Shung, K. Kirk; Chien, Shu; Wang, Yingxiao

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2018), 115 (5), 992-997CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)

While cell-based immunotherapy, esp. chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing T cells, is becoming a paradigm-shifting therapeutic approach for cancer treatment, there is a lack of general methods to remotely and noninvasively regulate genetics in live mammalian cells and animals for cancer immunotherapy within confined local tissue space. To address this limitation, we have identified a mech. sensitive Piezo1 ion channel (mechanosensor) that is activatable by ultrasound stimulation and integrated it with engineered genetic circuits (genetic transducer) in live HEK293T cells to convert the ultrasound-activated Piezo1 into transcriptional activities. We have further engineered the Jurkat T-cell line and primary T cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) to remotely sense the ultrasound wave and transduce it into transcriptional activation for the CAR expression to recognize and eradicate target tumor cells. This approach is modular and can be extended for remote-controlled activation of different cell types with high spatiotemporal precision for therapeutic applications.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtFKks7c%253D&md5=d8b4e9f08923fc6849d8dc1f955fcec3

320

Ye, J. ; Tang, S. ; Meng, L. ; Li, X. ; Wen, X. ; Chen, S. ; Niu, L. ; Li, X. ; Qiu, W. ; Hu, H. Ultrasonic Control of Neural Activity through Activation of the Mechanosensitive Channel Mscl. Nano Lett. 2018, 18 , 4148– 4155, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00935

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

320

Ultrasonic Control of Neural Activity through Activation of the Mechanosensitive Channel MscL

Ye, Jia; Tang, Siyang; Meng, Long; Li, Xia; Wen, Xiaoxu; Chen, Sihan; Niu, Lili; Li, Xiangyao; Qiu, Weibao; Hu, Hailan; Jiang, Mizu; Shang, Shiqiang; Qiang, shu; Zheng, Hairong; Duan, Shumin; Li, Yuezhou

Nano Letters (2018), 18 (7), 4148-4155CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)

Externally controlling the excitation of a neuronal subset through ion channels activation can modulate the firing pattern of an entire neural circuit in vivo. As nanovalves in the cell membrane, ion channels can be opened by light (optogenetics) or ultrasonic (sonogenetics) means. A thoroughly analyzed force sensor is the Escherichia coli mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (MscL). Here the authors expressed MscL in rat hippocampal neurons in a primary culture and showed that it could be activated by low-pressure ultrasound pulses. The gain-of-function mutation, I92L, sensitized MscL's sonic response, triggering action potentials at a peak neg. pressure as low as 0.25 MPa. Further, the I92L MscL reliably elicited individual spikes by timed brief pulses, making excitation programmable. Because MscL opens to tension in the lipid bilayer, requiring no other proteins or ligands, it could be developed into a general noninvasive sonogenetic tool to manipulate the activities of neurons or other cells and potential nanodevices.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtFClt7bJ&md5=7e7b7c6bf9948d5955256f3838d0e786

321

Huang, Y.-S. ; Fan, C.-H. ; Hsu, N. ; Chiu, N.-H. ; Wu, C.-Y. ; Chang, C.-Y. ; Wu, B.-H. ; Hong, S.-R. ; Chang, Y.-C. ; Yan-TangWu, A. Sonogenetic Modulation of Cellular Activities Using an Engineered Auditory-Sensing Protein. Nano Lett. 2020, 20 , 1089– 1100, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04373

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

321

Sonogenetic Modulation of Cellular Activities Using an Engineered Auditory-Sensing Protein

Huang, Yao-Shen; Fan, Ching-Hsiang; Hsu, Ning; Chiu, Nai-Hua; Wu, Chun-Yao; Chang, Chu-Yuan; Wu, Bing-Huan; Hong, Shi-Rong; Chang, Ya-Chu; Yan-Tang Wu, Anthony; Guo, Vanessa; Chiang, Yueh-Chen; Hsu, Wei-Chia; Chen, Linyi; Pin-Kuang Lai, Charles; Yeh, Chih-Kuang; Lin, Yu-Chun

Nano Letters (2020), 20 (2), 1089-1100CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)

Biomols. that respond to different external stimuli enable the remote control of genetically modified cells. We report herein a sonogenetic approach that can manipulate target cell activities by focused ultrasound stimulation. This system requires an ultrasound-responsive protein derived from an engineered auditory-sensing protein prestin. Heterologous expression of mouse prestin contg. two parallel amino acid substitutions, N7T and N308S, that frequently exist in prestins from echolocating species endowed transfected mammalian cells with the ability to sense ultrasound. An ultrasound pulse of low frequency and low pressure efficiently evoked cellular calcium responses after transfecting with prestin(N7T, N308S). Moreover, pulsed ultrasound can also noninvasively stimulate target neurons expressing prestin(N7T, N308S) in deep regions of mouse brains. Our study delineates how an engineered auditory-sensing protein can cause mammalian cells to sense ultrasound stimulation. Moreover, our sonogenetic tools will serve as new strategies for noninvasive therapy in deep tissues.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtVSl&md5=24b4c3318b947a91f1015e299bc11f77

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Wang, T. ; Wang, H. ; Pang, G. ; He, T. ; Yu, P. ; Cheng, G. ; Zhang, Y. ; Chang, J. A Logic And-Gated Sonogene Nanosystem for Precisely Regulating the Apoptosis of Tumor Cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12 , 56692– 56700, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13453

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

322

A Logic AND-Gated Sonogene Nanosystem for Precisely Regulating the Apoptosis of Tumor Cells

Wang, Tiange; Wang, Hanjie; Pang, Gaoju; He, Tiandi; Yu, Peng; Cheng, Guohui; Zhang, Yingying; Chang, Jin

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2020), 12 (51), 56692-56700CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)

To date, many methods have been developed for inducing tumor cell death, such as using chem. drugs and radiation. However, all of them have a common problem, a lack of mechanisms for precisely regulating the death of tumor cells. It often leads to nonspecific death and systemic side effects. Therefore, the efficacy and further application of these traditional methods are limited. In this paper, a logic AND-gated sonogene nanosystem was designed for precisely regulating the apoptosis of tumor cells. The running of this system required two essential parts, MscL I92L channel protein and ultrasound. Ultrasound could open the MscL I92L protein channel which when expressed on cells triggers the influx and outflux of small mols. through the channel. When the channel is kept open for a long time, Ca2+ influx becomes excessive which in turn activates the Ca2+ apoptosis pathway of cells. The expression of MscL I92L protein and the applying of ultrasound constituted the logic AND gate which could implement the precise regulation to apoptosis. This strategy would help reduce nonspecific triggers and side effects. In this system, cationic nanoliposomes were prepd. as the carrier for effectively delivering MscL I92L plasmids to tumor cells in vivo. We investigated the apoptosis-promoting effect of this system in different tumor cell lines (HeLa, B16, and 4T1). The results demonstrated that the apoptosis rate was highest in the B16 cell line (the early apoptosis rate was 11.9% and the late apoptosis rate was 59.1%) when the cells were subjected to consistent ultrasound (6 MHz, 15 W) for 30 min. This logic AND-gated sonogene nanosystem is expected to provide a new strategy and development direction for tumor therapy.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXisV2qurvN&md5=1b115d142f83c0b084f74ed63d258c27

323

Yang, Y. ; Pacia, C. P. ; Ye, D. ; Zhu, L. ; Baek, H. ; Yue, Y. ; Yuan, J. ; Miller, M. J. ; Cui, J. ; Culver, J. P. Sonothermogenetics for Noninvasive and Cell-Type Specific Deep Brain Neuromodulation. Brain Stimul 2021, 14 , 790– 800, DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.04.021

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

323

Sonothermogenetics for noninvasive and cell-type specific deep brain neuromodulation

Yang Yaoheng; Pacia Christopher Pham; Zhu Lifei; Baek Hongchae; Yue Yimei; Yuan Jinyun; Cui Jianmin; Ye Dezhuang; Miller Mark J; Culver Joseph P; Bruchas Michael R; Chen Hong

Brain stimulation (2021), 14 (4), 790-800 ISSN:.

BACKGROUND: Critical advances in the investigation of brain functions and treatment of brain disorders are hindered by our inability to selectively target neurons in a noninvasive manner in the deep brain. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop sonothermogenetics for noninvasive, deep-penetrating, and cell-type-specific neuromodulation by combining a thermosensitive ion channel TRPV1 with focused ultrasound (FUS)-induced brief, non-noxious thermal effect. METHODS: The sensitivity of TRPV1 to FUS sonication was evaluated in vitro. It was followed by in vivo assessment of sonothermogenetics in the activation of genetically defined neurons in the mouse brain by two-photon calcium imaging. Behavioral response evoked by sonothermogenetic stimulation at a deep brain target was recorded in freely moving mice. Immunohistochemistry staining of ex vivo brain slices was performed to evaluate the safety of FUS sonication. RESULTS: TRPV1 was found to be an ultrasound-sensitive ion channel. FUS sonication at the mouse brain in vivo selectively activated neurons that were genetically modified to express TRPV1. Temporally precise activation of TRPV1-expressing neurons was achieved with its success rate linearly correlated with the peak temperature within the FUS-targeted brain region as measured by in vivo magnetic resonance thermometry. FUS stimulation of TRPV1-expressing neurons at the striatum repeatedly evoked locomotor behavior in freely moving mice. FUS sonication was confirmed to be safe based on inspection of neuronal integrity, inflammation, and apoptosis markers. CONCLUSIONS: This noninvasive and cell-type-specific neuromodulation approach with the capability to stimulate deep brain has the promise to advance the study of the intact nervous system and uncover new ways to treat neurological disorders.

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Steele, L. M. ; Kotsch, T. J. ; Legge, C. A. ; Smith, D. J. Establishing C. Elegans as a Model for Studying the Bioeffects of Therapeutic Ultrasound. Ultrasound Med. Bio. 2021, 47 , 2346– 2359, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.04.005

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

324

Establishing C. elegans as a Model for Studying the Bioeffects of Therapeutic Ultrasound

Steele Louise M; Kotsch Troy J; Legge Catherine A; Smith Delores J

Ultrasound in medicine & biology (2021), 47 (8), 2346-2359 ISSN:.

Ultrasound is widely used in diagnostic and therapeutic medical procedures and it is becoming an important tool in biomedical research. During exposure, as an ultrasound beam interacts with the tissues in its path, changes known as "bioeffects" can result. Animal studies have suggested that these changes can alter survival, movement, reproduction, development and learning in various species. Additional studies in animals could provide valuable information about the mechanisms of therapeutic ultrasound and may contribute to the development of additional exciting laboratory techniques. Therefore, we developed methods for exposing C. elegans nematode worms to ultrasound and observed that they exhibited exposure-dependent reductions in movement, fecundity and survival. These effects were prevented by polyvinyl alcohol, which suggested that cavitation was the main mechanism of damage. This work provides a foundation for capitalizing on the advantages of C. elegans as a model to thoroughly characterize ultrasound's bioeffects at the cellular and molecular levels.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB2c%252FmtFentQ%253D%253D&md5=a87f8acac06c5cd76766e124db64877f

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Prieto, M. L. ; Firouzi, K. ; Khuri-Yakub, B. T. ; Maduke, M. Activation of Piezo1 but not Na_v1.2 Channels by Ultrasound at 43 MHz. Ultrasound Med. Bio 2018, 44 , 1217– 1232, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.12.020

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

325

Activation of Piezo1 but Not NaV1.2 Channels by Ultrasound at 43 MHz

Prieto Martin Loynaz; Firouzi Kamyar; Khuri-Yakub Butrus T; Maduke Merritt

Ultrasound in medicine & biology (2018), 44 (6), 1217-1232 ISSN:.

Ultrasound (US) can modulate the electrical activity of the excitable tissues, but the mechanisms underlying this effect are not understood at the molecular level or in terms of the physical modality through which US exerts its effects. Here, we report an experimental system that allows for stable patch-clamp recording in the presence of US at 43 MHz, a frequency known to stimulate neural activity. We describe the effects of US on two ion channels proposed to be involved in the response of excitable cells to US: the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel and the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.2. Our patch-clamp recordings, together with finite-element simulations of acoustic field parameters indicate that Piezo1 channels are activated by continuous wave US at 43 MHz and 50 or 90 W/cm(2) through cell membrane stress caused by acoustic streaming. NaV1.2 channels were not affected through this mechanism at these intensities, but their kinetics could be accelerated by US-induced heating.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1MrpslGqtA%253D%253D&md5=2f713c7ad2144a1f69ec0a0729271d44

326

Li, F. ; Park, T. H. ; Sankin, G. ; Gilchrist, C. ; Liao, D. ; Chan, C. U. ; Mao, Z. ; Hoffman, B. D. ; Zhong, P. Mechanically Induced Integrin Ligation Mediates Intracellular Calcium Signaling with Single Pulsating Cavitation Bubbles. Theranostics 2021, 11 , 6090– 6104, DOI: 10.7150/thno.56813

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

326

Mechanically induced integrin ligation mediates intracellular calcium signaling with single pulsating cavitation bubbles

Li, Fenfang; Park, Tae Hyun; Sankin, George; Gilchrist, Christopher; Liao, Defei; Chan, Chon U.; Mao, Zheng; Hoffman, Brenton D.; Zhong, Pei

Theranostics (2021), 11 (12), 6090-6104CODEN: THERDS; ISSN:1838-7640. (Ivyspring International Publisher)

Therapeutic ultrasound or shockwave has shown its great potential to stimulate neural and muscle tissue, where cavitation microbubble induced Ca2+ signaling is believed to play an important role. However, the pertinent mechanisms are unknown, esp. at the single-cell level. Particularly, it is still a major challenge to get a comprehensive understanding of the effect of potential mechanosensitive mol. players on the cellular responses, including mechanosensitive ion channels, purinergic signaling and integrin ligation by extracellular matrix. Here, laser-induced cavitation microbubble was used to stimulate individual HEK293T cells either genetically knocked out or expressing Piezo1 ion channels with different normalized bubble-cell distance. Ca2+ signaling and potential membrane poration were evaluated with a real-time fluorescence imaging system. Integrin-binding microbeads were attached to the apical surface of the cells at mild cavitation conditions, where the effect of Piezo1, P2X receptors and integrin ligation on single cell intracellular Ca2+ signaling was assessed. Ca2+ responses were rare at normalized cell-bubble distances that avoided membrane poration, even with overexpression of Piezo1, but could be increased in frequency to 42% of cells by attaching integrin-binding beads. We identified key mol. players in the bead-enhanced Ca2+ response: increased integrin ligation by substrate ECM triggered ATP release and activation of P2X-but not Piezo1-ion channels. The resultant Ca2+ influx caused dynamic changes in cell spread area. This approach to safely eliciting a Ca2+ response with cavitation microbubbles and the uncovered mechanism by which increased integrin-ligation mediates ATP release and Ca2+ signaling will inform new strategies to stimulate tissues with ultrasound and shockwaves.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhs1Wit7%252FI&md5=86682c93d399e0f87f22c86de2056eab

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Sorum, B. ; Rietmeijer, R. A. ; Gopakumar, K. ; Adesnik, H. ; Brohawn, S. G. Ultrasound Activates Mechanosensitive Traak K⁺ Channels through the Lipid Membrane. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2021, 118 , e2006980118 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006980118

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

327

Ultrasound activates mechanosensitive TRAAK K+ channels through the lipid membrane

Sorum, Ben; Rietmeijer, Robert A.; Gopakumar, Karthika; Adesnik, Hillel; Brohawn, Stephen G.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2021), 118 (6), e2006980118CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)

Ultrasound modulates the elec. activity of excitable cells and offers advantages over other neuromodulatory techniques; for example, it can be noninvasively transmitted through the skull and focused to deep brain regions. However, the fundamental cellular, mol., and mechanistic bases of ultrasonic neuromodulation are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate ultrasound activation of the mechanosensitive K+ channel TRAAK with submillisecond kinetics to an extent comparable to canonical mech. activation. Single-channel recordings reveal a common basis for ultrasonic and mech. activation with stimulus-graded destabilization of long-duration closures and promotion of full conductance openings. Ultrasonic energy is transduced to TRAAK through the membrane in the absence of other cellular components, likely increasing membrane tension to promote channel opening. We further demonstrate ultrasonic modulation of neuronally expressed TRAAK. These results suggest mechanosensitive channels underlie physiol. responses to ultrasound and could serve as sonogenetic actuators for acoustic neuromodulation of genetically targeted cells.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXjvVeqsLg%253D&md5=8744023320284cd5250be657cfa63921

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Collins, M. N. ; Legon, W. ; Mesce, K. A. The Inhibitory Thermal Effects of Focused Ultrasound on an Identified, Single Motoneuron. eNeuro 2021, 8 , ENEURO.0514-20.2021, DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0514-20.2021

329

Liao, D. ; Hsiao, M.-Y. ; Xiang, G. ; Zhong, P. Optimal Pulse Length of Insonification for Piezo1 Activation and Intracellular Calcium Response. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11 , 709, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78553-2

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

329

Optimal pulse length of insonification for Piezo1 activation and intracellular calcium response

Liao, Defei; Hsiao, Ming-Yen; Xiang, Gaoming; Zhong, Pei

Scientific Reports (2021), 11 (1), 709CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Research)

Ultrasound (US) neuromodulation, esp. sonogenetics, has been demonstrated with potential applications in noninvasive and targeted treatment of various neurol. disorders. Despite the growing interest, the mechanism for US neuromodulation remains elusive, and the optimal condition for eliciting a neural response with minimal adverse effect has not been identified. Here, we investigate the Piezo1 activation and intracellular calcium response elicited by acoustical streaming induced shear stress under various US exposure conditions. We find that Piezo1 activation and resultant intracellular calcium response depend critically on shear stress amplitude and pulse length of the stimulation. Under the same insonification acoustic energy, we further identify an optical pulse length that leads to max. cell deformation, Piezo1 activation, and calcium response with minimal injury, confirmed by numerical modeling of Piezo1 channel gating dynamics. Our results provide insight into the mechanism of ultrasonic activation of Piezo1 and highlight the importance of optimizing US exposure conditions in sonogenetics applications.

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Brantley, J. N. ; Wiggins, K. M. ; Bielawski, C. W. Polymer Mechanochemistry: The Design and Study of Mechanophores. Polym. Int. 2013, 62 , 2– 12, DOI: 10.1002/pi.4350

[Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar

330

Polymer mechanochemistry: the design and study of mechanophores

Brantley, Johnathan N.; Wiggins, Kelly M.; Bielawski, Christopher W.

Polymer International (2013), 62 (1), 2-12CODEN: PLYIEI; ISSN:0959-8103. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

A review. The burgeoning field of polymer mechanochem. has garnered significant interest in recent years. Mechanochem. transformations are those that are promoted by exogenous forces, and polymer mechanochem. concs. on the use of polymer chains to translate mech. forces to chem. systems. Acoustic fields, particularly ultrasound, have proven to be highly efficient progenitors of tensile stresses within macromols. and are frequently used to facilitate mechanochem. phenomena. Mechanochem. activation often arises when mechanophores, or functional groups that respond to mech. perturbation in a controlled manner, are appropriately positioned within a polymer chain to experience tensile forces. A variety of interesting transformations have been realized when well-designed mechanophores have been properly outfitted with polymer chains, including: thermally inaccessible isomerizations and cycloreversions, symmetry-forbidden electrocyclic ring openings and activation of latent catalysts. Herein, the chem. of known mechanophores is summarized and augmented with implications for new opportunities in synthesis and materials science. The focus of this mini-review is limited to mechanophores that have been specifically adapted for polymer mechanochem. under acoustic activation. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chem. Industry.

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Zhao, P. ; Huo, S. ; Fan, J. ; Chen, J. ; Kiessling, F. ; Boersma, A. J. ; Göstl, R. ; Herrmann, A. Activation of the Catalytic Activity of Thrombin for Fibrin Formation by Ultrasound. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60 , 14707– 14714, DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105404

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331

Activation of the Catalytic Activity of Thrombin for Fibrin Formation by Ultrasound

Zhao, Pengkun; Huo, Shuaidong; Fan, Jilin; Chen, Junlin; Kiessling, Fabian; Boersma, Arnold J.; Gostl, Robert; Herrmann, Andreas

Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2021), 60 (26), 14707-14714CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

The regulation of enzyme activity is a method to control biol. function. We report two systems enabling the ultrasound-induced activation of thrombin, which is vital for secondary hemostasis. First, we designed polyaptamers, which can specifically bind to thrombin, inhibiting its catalytic activity. With ultrasound generating inertial cavitation and therapeutic medical focused ultrasound, the interactions between polyaptamer and enzyme are cleaved, restoring the activity to catalyze the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin. Second, we used split aptamers conjugated to the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In the presence of thrombin, these assemble into an aptamer tertiary structure, induce AuNP aggregation, and deactivate the enzyme. By ultrasonication, the AuNP aggregates reversibly disassemble releasing and activating the enzyme. We envision that this approach will be a blueprint to control the function of other proteins by mech. stimuli in the sonogenetics field.

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Cravotto, G. ; Gaudino, E. C. ; Cintas, P. On the Mechanochemical Activation by Ultrasound. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42 , 7521– 7534, DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35456j

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332

On the mechanochemical activation by ultrasound

Cravotto, Giancarlo; Gaudino, Emanuela Calcio; Cintas, Pedro

Chemical Society Reviews (2013), 42 (18), 7521-7534CODEN: CSRVBR; ISSN:0306-0012. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

A review. Chemists have discovered, and recently actively exploited, the fact that subjecting certain mols. to ultrasound waves can bring about transformations that give insight into the correlation between classical tribol. processes and the mech. action caused by collapsing microbubbles when sonic waves propagate through a liq. medium. Chem. transformations induced by ultrasound take place in soln. via mechanisms that are markedly different from those assocd. with mol. activation in the solid state. Both fields, however, share some striking similarities and numerous sonochem. reactions can be rationalized in purely mech. terms. This tutorial review examines the tribochem. interpretation of sonochem. reactivity and how the multifaceted action of cavitational phenomena dets. mol. evolution. A series of case studies involving solids, crystals, and polymers illustrate the mech. properties of sound waves.

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Mohapatra, H. ; Kleiman, M. ; Esser-Kahn, A. P. Mechanically Controlled Radical Polymerization Initiated by Ultrasound. Nat. Chem. 2017, 9 , 135– 139, DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2633

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333

Mechanically controlled radical polymerization initiated by ultrasound

Mohapatra, Hemakesh; Kleiman, Maya; Esser-Kahn, Aaron Palmer

Nature Chemistry (2017), 9 (2), 135-139CODEN: NCAHBB; ISSN:1755-4330. (Nature Publishing Group)

In polymer chem., mech. energy degrades polymeric chains. In contrast, in nature, mech. energy is often used to create new polymers. This mech. stimulated growth is a key component of the robustness of biol. materials. A synthetic system in which mech. force initiates polymn. will provide similar robustness in polymeric materials. Here we show a polymn. of acrylate monomers initiated and controlled by mech. energy provided by ultrasonic agitation. The activator for an atom-transfer radical polymn. is generated using piezochem. redn. of a Cu(II) precursor complex, which thus converts a mech. activation of piezoelec. particles to the synthesis of a new material. This polymn. reaction has some characteristics of controlled radical polymn., such as narrow mol.-wt. distribution and linear dependence of the polymeric chain length on the time of mech. activation. This new method of controlled radical polymn. complements the existing methods to synthesize com. useful well-defined polymers.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhslCgtbjP&md5=aa0f39b10d9acd12181ed8f63647cc30

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Kaupp, G. Mechanochemistry: The Varied Applications of Mechanical Bond-Breaking. CrystEngComm 2009, 11 , 388– 403, DOI: 10.1039/B810822F

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334

Mechanochemistry: the varied applications of mechanical bond-breaking

Kaupp, Gerd

CrystEngComm (2009), 11 (3), 388-403CODEN: CRECF4; ISSN:1466-8033. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

A review. Mechanochem. means mech. breakage of intramol. bonds by external force and must be differentiated from mol. solid-state chem., where contacts between micronized mol. solids are created by the mech. action for mutual approach of the reacting centers. After an outline of the mechanistic differences, the varied mechanochem. is discussed. Grinding, milling, shearing, scratching, polishing, and rapid friction (for polymers also cutting, kneading, extruding) provide the mech. impact for mechanochem., while sonication and shock waving for intramol. bond breaking are generally described as thermal processes. The various types of mechanophysics (e.g., mechanoelectricity, conformational changes, thixotropy, rheopexy, stirring of Newtonian liqs. or suspensions, etc.) are not treated here. Mechanochem. covers solid-state reactions of infinitely covalent crystals, brittle metals, polymers, mol. solids with weak covalent bonds, strong intramol. bond breakage in shearing Bridgman's anvil or by friction at lubrication of rapidly moving cold contacting surfaces, and single bond breaking or cutting. The diverse wealth of practical applications of mechanochem. is outlined with typical examples for ceramics, mech. alloying, hydrogen storage, org. syntheses, waste remediation, leachings, surface plasmas, radical formation, explosives, nanotube formation, nanoparticles grafting, polymer technol., radical initiation, scratch-less polishing, wear protection, lubrication, mechanochromism, nano-dissection, and many more.

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Black, A. L. ; Lenhardt, J. M. ; Craig, S. L. From Molecular Mechanochemistry to Stress-Responsive Materials. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21 , 1655– 1663, DOI: 10.1039/C0JM02636K

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335

From molecular mechanochemistry to stress-responsive materials

Black, Ashley L.; Lenhardt, Jeremy M.; Craig, Stephen L.

Journal of Materials Chemistry (2011), 21 (6), 1655-1663CODEN: JMACEP; ISSN:0959-9428. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

Current activity in, and future prospects for, the incorporation of mechanochem. active functional groups ("mechanophores") into polymers is reviewed. This area of research is treated in the context of two categories. The first category is the development of new chem. in the service of material science, through the design and synthesis of mechanophores to provide stress-sensing and/or stress-responsive elements in materials. The second category is the reverse-the development of new material architectures that efficiently transmit macroscopic forces to targeted mols. in order to generate chem. reactivity that is inaccessible by other means.

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336

Paulusse, J. M. J. ; Sijbesma, R. P. Ultrasound in Polymer Chemistry: Revival of an Established Technique. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2006, 44 , 5445– 5453, DOI: 10.1002/pola.21646

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336

Ultrasound in polymer chemistry: revival of an established technique

Paulusse, Jos M. J.; Sijbesma, Rint P.

Journal of Polymer Science, Part A: Polymer Chemistry (2006), 44 (19), 5445-5453CODEN: JPACEC; ISSN:0887-624X. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)

A review. The history of ultrasound in polymer chem. goes back a long way. Initially, its uses were limited to being an alternative method of initiating radical polymns. through the decompn. of solvents to form radicals or through the breakage of polymers leading to macroradicals. Recently, the raw power of ultrasound has been focused through the use of weak linkages in polymer chains, which enables the prodn. of well-defined macroradicals and coordinatively unsatd. metal complexes.

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337

Mostafa, M. A. K. Degradation of Addition Polymers by Ultrasonic Waves. IV. The Effect of Ultrasonic Intensity. J. Polym. Sci. 1958, 28 , 519– 536, DOI: 10.1002/pol.1958.1202811804

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337

Degradation of addition polymers by ultrasonic waves. IV. The effect of ultrasonic intensity

Mostafa, M. A. K.

Journal of Polymer Science (1958), 28 (), 519-36CODEN: JPSCAU; ISSN:0022-3832.

It is shown that for a const. ultrasonic frequency the exptl. results can be explained by theories which assume that degradation is caused by frictional or impact forces.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaG1cXht1Sjtbw%253D&md5=b9ae3de3fd2f13fda8831b28ff785d29

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Potisek, S. L. ; Davis, D. A. ; Sottos, N. R. ; White, S. R. ; Moore, J. S. Mechanophore-Linked Addition Polymers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129 , 13808– 13809, DOI: 10.1021/ja076189x

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

338

Mechanophore-Linked Addition Polymers

Potisek, Stephanie L.; Davis, Douglas A.; Sottos, Nancy R.; White, Scott R.; Moore, Jeffrey S.

Journal of the American Chemical Society (2007), 129 (45), 13808-13809CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)

The use of mech. energy to increase reaction rates and alter the distribution of products has gained considerable interest of late. However, the discovery of new mechanophores (i.e., mechanochem. reactive units) is currently time-consuming, expensive, low-yielding, and a process that is not easily scaled to large quantities. Here we show that mechanophore-linked addn. polymers are easily prepd. using bifunctional initiators with a living radical polymn. method. The mechanophore is positioned close to the center of the polymer, where ultrasound-generated forces are the largest. Since these forces are strongly dependent on mol. wt., the use of controlled polymn. enables fine-tuning of the mech. activity so that mechanophore reactions are initiated while minimizing chain scission. The approach is illustrated first with the synthesis and investigation of a 1,2-disubstituted benzocyclobutene mechanophore that is incorporated into the center of a poly(Me acrylate) (PMA) chain. Selected mol. wts. are probed using ultrasound to illustrate that the 4π electrocyclic ring opening of the benzocyclobutene link is stress-induced. To demonstrate the broad applicability of this method for mechanophore screening, we also report a new spiropyran-linked PMA that undergoes an ultrasound-induced 6π-electron electrocyclic ring opening. The straightforward synthesis of mechanophore-linked addn. polymers presented here shows considerable promise for the investigation of new mechanophores and will lead to a greater understanding of mechanochem. reactivity within polymer systems.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2sXht1Wlt7nK&md5=f228608447e08f0825728a2c8504aa30

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Wojtecki, R. J. ; Meador, M. A. ; Rowan, S. J. Using the Dynamic Bond to Access Macroscopically Responsive Structurally Dynamic Polymers. Nat. Mater. 2011, 10 , 14– 27, DOI: 10.1038/nmat2891

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339

Using the dynamic bond to access macroscopically responsive structurally dynamic polymers

Wojtecki, Rudy J.; Meador, Michael A.; Rowan, Stuart J.

Nature Materials (2011), 10 (1), 14-27CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122. (Nature Publishing Group)

A review. New materials that have the ability to reversibly adapt to their environment and possess a wide range of responses ranging from self-healing to mech. work are continually emerging. These adaptive systems have the potential to revolutionize technologies such as sensors and actuators, as well as numerous biomedical applications. We will describe the emergence of a new trend in the design of adaptive materials that involves the use of reversible chem. (both non-covalent and covalent) to program a response that originates at the most fundamental (mol.) level. Materials that make use of this approach, structurally dynamic polymers, produce macroscopic responses from a change in the material's mol. architecture (i.e., the rearrangement or reorganization of the polymer components, or polymeric aggregates). This design approach requires careful selection of the reversible/dynamic bond used in the construction of the material to control its environmental responsiveness.

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Bowser, B. H. ; Craig, S. L. Empowering Mechanochemistry with Multi-Mechanophore Polymer Architectures. Polym. Chem. 2018, 9 , 3583– 3593, DOI: 10.1039/C8PY00720A

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340

Empowering mechanochemistry with multi-mechanophore polymer architectures

Bowser, Brandon H.; Craig, Stephen L.

Polymer Chemistry (2018), 9 (26), 3583-3593CODEN: PCOHC2; ISSN:1759-9962. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

The development of multi-mechanophore polymers (MMPs) has empowered new methodologies for observing, quantifying, and exploiting mechanochem. transformations. For example, techniques such as single mol. force spectroscopy and pulsed ultrasound can be used to induce and observe up to hundreds of chem. reactions within a single polymer, enabling mechanistic insights into mechanochem. reactivity. At the same time, MMPs allow for the substantial mechanochem. remodeling of polymers and assocd. changes in material properties. This minireview presents synthetic approaches that have been used to make MMPs, methods that have been developed to probe and characterize their reactivity, and changes in properties that have been obsd. through their mechanochem. response.

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Caruso, M. M. ; Davis, D. A. ; Shen, Q. ; Odom, S. A. ; Sottos, N. R. ; White, S. R. ; Moore, J. S. Mechanically-Induced Chemical Changes in Polymeric Materials. Chem. Rev. 2009, 109 , 5755– 5798, DOI: 10.1021/cr9001353

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

341

Mechanically-Induced Chemical Changes in Polymeric Materials

Caruso, Mary M.; Davis, Douglas A.; Shen, Qilong; Odom, Susan A.; Sottos, Nancy R.; White, Scott R.; Moore, Jeffrey S.

Chemical Reviews (Washington, DC, United States) (2009), 109 (11), 5755-5798CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665. (American Chemical Society)

A review. This review focuses on the chem. changes that accompany polymeric materials subjected to mech. stimuli. The review is organized by the length scale over which the chem. change takes place.

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342

Takacs, L. The Historical Development of Mechanochemistry. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42 , 7649– 7659, DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35442j

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342

The historical development of mechanochemistry

Takacs, Laszlo

Chemical Society Reviews (2013), 42 (18), 7649-7659CODEN: CSRVBR; ISSN:0306-0012. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

A review. This paper reviews the history of mechanochem. It begins with prehistoric times, when reactions could be initiated during grinding and rubbing accidentally, and follows the main developments until recent results and current trends. There are very few records on mechanochem. until the first systematic investigations by Spring and Lea at the end of the 19th century. For the next decades, mechanochem. developed slowly; minerals, inorg. compds., and polymers were the main subjects of investigation. The area became more organized in the 1960s, when several large groups were established and the first dedicated conferences were held. Mech. alloying was invented in 1966 independently and it became a subject of intense research. Interaction between the two topics was established in the 1990s. In recent years, the mechanochem. synthesis of org. compds. was added to the main subjects and the invention of the at. force microscope provided new ways to manipulate atoms and mols. by direct mech. action. The theor. explanation of mechanochem. phenomena is difficult, as the mechanism is system specific and several length and time scales are involved. Thiessen proposed the first theory, the magma-plasma model, in 1967, and deeper insight is being obtained by computer modeling combined with empirical work. Practical applications have been an important motivation throughout the history of mechanochem. It is used alone or in combination with other steps in an increasing no. of technologies.

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Balkenende, D. W. R. ; Coulibaly, S. ; Balog, S. ; Simon, Y. C. ; Fiore, G. L. ; Weder, C. Mechanochemistry with Metallosupramolecular Polymers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136 , 10493– 10498, DOI: 10.1021/ja5051633

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

343

Mechanochemistry with Metallosupramolecular Polymers

Balkenende, Diederik W. R.; Coulibaly, Souleymane; Balog, Sandor; Simon, Yoan C.; Fiore, Gina L.; Weder, Christoph

Journal of the American Chemical Society (2014), 136 (29), 10493-10498CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)

The transduction of mech. force into useful chem. reactions is an emerging design approach to impart soft materials with new functions. Here, we report that mechanochem. transductions can be achieved in metallosupramol. polymers. We show that both reversible and irreversible reactions are possible and useful to create mech. responsive materials that display new functions. The metallopolymer studied was a crosslinked network assembled from a europium salt and a telechelic poly(ethylene-co-butylene) with 2,6-bis(1'-methylbenzimidazolyl)pyridine (Mebip) ligands at the termini. The Eu3+ complexes serve both as mech. responsive binding motifs and as built-in optical probes that can monitor the extent of (dis)assembly due to their characteristic photoluminescent properties. Indeed, dose-dependent and reversible metal-ligand dissocn. occurs upon exposure to ultrasound in soln. The absence of ultrasound-induced dissocn. of a low-mol. wt. model complex and in-depth studies of temp. effects confirm that the dissocn. is indeed the result of mech. activation. The influence of the strength of the metal-ligand interactions on the mech. induced dissocn. was also explored. Metallopolymers in which the Mebip ligands were substituted with more strongly coordinating dipicolinate (dpa) ligands do not dissoc. upon exposure to ultrasound. Finally, we show that mechanochem. transduction in metallosupramol. polymers is also possible in the solid state. We demonstrate mending of damaged objects through ultrasound as well as mechanochromic behavior based on metal-exchange reactions in metallopolymers imbibed with an auxiliary metal salt.

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Hu, X. ; Zeng, T. ; Husic, C. C. ; Robb, M. J. Mechanically Triggered Small Molecule Release from a Masked Furfuryl Carbonate. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141 , 15018– 15023, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08663

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

344

Mechanically Triggered Small Molecule Release from a Masked Furfuryl Carbonate

Hu, Xiaoran; Zeng, Tian; Husic, Corey C.; Robb, Maxwell J.

Journal of the American Chemical Society (2019), 141 (38), 15018-15023CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)

Stimuli-responsive polymers that release small mols. under mech. stress are appealing targets for applications ranging from drug delivery to sensing. Here, we describe a modular mechanophore design platform for mol. release via a mech. triggered cascade reaction. Mechanochem. activation of a furan-maleimide Diels-Alder adduct reveals a latent furfuryl carbonate that subsequently decomps. under mild conditions to release a covalently bound cargo mol. The computationally guided design of a reactive secondary furfuryl carbonate enables the decompn. and release to proceed quickly at room temp. after unmasking via mech. force. This general strategy is demonstrated using ultrasound-induced mech. activation to release a fluorogenic coumarin payload from a polymer incorporating a chain-centered mechanophore.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhslKisbjI&md5=5b335054eb92d57bf90338ab96dbb10a

345

Zhou, Y. ; Huo, S. ; Loznik, M. ; Göstl, R. ; Boersma, A. J. ; Herrmann, A. Controlling Optical and Catalytic Activity of Genetically Engineered Proteins by Ultrasound. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60 , 1493– 1497, DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010324

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345

Controlling Optical and Catalytic Activity of Genetically Engineered Proteins by Ultrasound

Zhou, Yu; Huo, Shuaidong; Loznik, Mark; Goestl, Robert; Boersma, Arnold J.; Herrmann, Andreas

Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2021), 60 (3), 1493-1497CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

Ultrasound (US) produces cavitation-induced mech. forces stretching and breaking polymer chains in soln. This type of polymer mechanochem. is widely used for synthetic polymers, but not biomacromols., even though US is biocompatible and commonly used for medical therapy as well as in vivo imaging. The ability to control protein activity by US would thus be a major stepping-stone for these disciplines. Here, the authors provide the first examples of selective protein activation and deactivation by US. Using GFP as a model system, the authors engineer US sensitivity into proteins by design. The incorporation of long and highly charged domains enables the efficient transfer of force to the protein structure. The authors then use this principle to activate the catalytic activity of trypsin by inducing the release of its inhibitor. The authors expect that this concept to switch "on" and "off" protein activity by US will serve as a blueprint to remotely control other bioactive mols.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXitlCltrzP&md5=a79aceac3d574738c61fbe39695a1982

346

Shi, Z. ; Song, Q. ; Göstl, R. ; Herrmann, A. Mechanochemical Activation of Disulfide-Based Multifunctional Polymers for Theranostic Drug Release. Chem. Sci. 2021, 12 , 1668– 1674, DOI: 10.1039/D0SC06054B

[Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar

346

Mechanochemical activation of disulfide-based multifunctional polymers for theranostic drug release

Shi, Zhiyuan; Song, Qingchuan; Goestl, Robert; Herrmann, Andreas

Chemical Science (2021), 12 (5), 1668-1674CODEN: CSHCCN; ISSN:2041-6520. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

Drug delivery systems responsive to physicochem. stimuli allow spatiotemporal control over drug activity to overcome limitations of systemic drug administration. Alongside, the non-invasive real-time tracking of drug release and uptake remains challenging as pharmacophore and reporter function are rarely unified within one mol. Here, we present an ultrasound-responsive release system based on the mechanochem. induced 5-exo-trig cyclization upon scission of disulfides bearing cargo mols. attached via β-carbonate linker within the center of a water sol. polymer. In this bifunctional theranostic approach, we release one reporter mol. per drug mol. to quant. track drug release and distribution within the cell in real-time. We use N-butyl-4-hydroxy-1,8-naphthalimide and umbelliferone as fluorescent reporter mols. to accompany the release of camptothecin and gemcitabine as clin. employed anticancer agents. The generality of this approach paves the way for the theranostic release of a variety of probes and drugs by ultrasound.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXis1SgsL3N&md5=ce3ffb162231ee37b948794e44139ea9

347

Huo, S. ; Zhao, P. ; Shi, Z. ; Zou, M. ; Yang, X. ; Warszawik, E. ; Loznik, M. ; Göstl, R. ; Herrmann, A. Mechanochemical Bond Scission for the Activation of Drugs. Nat. Chem. 2021, 13 , 131– 139, DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00624-8

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

347

Mechanochemical bond scission for the activation of drugs

Huo, Shuaidong; Zhao, Pengkun; Shi, Zhiyuan; Zou, Miancheng; Yang, Xintong; Warszawik, Eliza; Loznik, Mark; Gostl, Robert; Herrmann, Andreas

Nature Chemistry (2021), 13 (2), 131-139CODEN: NCAHBB; ISSN:1755-4330. (Nature Research)

Abstr.: Pharmaceutical drug therapy is often hindered by issues caused by poor drug selectivity, including unwanted side effects and drug resistance. Spatial and temporal control over drug activation in response to stimuli is a promising strategy to attenuate and circumvent these problems. Here we use ultrasound to activate drugs from inactive macromols. or nano-assemblies through the controlled scission of mechanochem. labile covalent bonds and weak non-covalent bonds. We show that a polymer with a disulfide motif at the center of the main chain releases an alkaloid-based anticancer drug from its β-carbonate linker by a force-induced intramol. 5-exo-trig cyclization. Second, aminoglycoside antibiotics complexed by a multi-aptamer RNA structure are activated by the mechanochem. opening and scission of the nucleic acid backbone. Lastly, nanoparticle-polymer and nanoparticle-nanoparticle assemblies held together by hydrogen bonds between the peptide antibiotic vancomycin and its complementary peptide target are activated by force-induced scission of hydrogen bonds. This work demonstrates the potential of ultrasound to activate mechanoresponsive prodrug systems. [graphic not available: see fulltext].

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXjtVWqtbo%253D&md5=6510a298ed7765c6bc8709c91cf34aa9

348

Dineva, P.; Gross, D.; Müller, R.; Rangelov, T. Dynamic Fracture of Piezoelectric Materials; Springer: 2014; pp 7– 32.

349

Zhang, Y. ; Xie, M. ; Adamaki, V. ; Khanbareh, H. ; Bowen, C. R. Control of Electro-Chemical Processes Using Energy Harvesting Materials and Devices. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46 , 7757– 7786, DOI: 10.1039/C7CS00387K

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

349

Control of electro-chemical processes using energy harvesting materials and devices

Zhang, Yan; Xie, Mengying; Adamaki, Vana; Khanbareh, Hamideh; Bowen, Chris R.

Chemical Society Reviews (2017), 46 (24), 7757-7786CODEN: CSRVBR; ISSN:0306-0012. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

Energy harvesting is a topic of intense interest that aims to convert ambient forms of energy such as mech. motion, light and heat, which are otherwise wasted, into useful energy. In many cases the energy harvester or nanogenerator converts motion, heat or light into elec. energy, which is subsequently rectified and stored within capacitors for applications such as wireless and self-powered sensors or low-power electronics. This review covers the new and emerging area that aims to directly couple energy harvesting materials and devices with electro-chem. systems. The harvesting approaches to be covered include pyroelec., piezoelec., triboelec., flexoelec., thermoelec. and photovoltaic effects. These are used to influence a variety of electro-chem. systems such as applications related to water splitting, catalysis, corrosion protection, degrdn. of pollutants, disinfection of bacteria and material synthesis. Comparisons are made between the range harvesting approaches and the modes of operation are described. Future directions for the development of electro-chem. harvesting systems are highlighted and the potential for new applications and hybrid approaches are discussed.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhslyqs7nP&md5=d962be7bef20980988bdef6c0b933427

350

Qian, W. ; Yang, W. ; Zhang, Y. ; Bowen, C. R. ; Yang, Y. Piezoelectric Materials for Controlling Electro-Chemical Processes. Nano-Micro Lett. 2020, 12 , 149, DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00489-z

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

350

Piezoelectric materials for controlling electro-chemical processes

Qian, Weiqi; Yang, Weiyou; Zhang, Yan; Bowen, Chris R.; Yang, Ya

Nano-Micro Letters (2020), 12 (), 149CODEN: NLAEBV; ISSN:2150-5551. (Nano-Micro Letters)

A review. Piezoelec. materials have been analyzed for over 100 years, due to their ability to convert mech. vibrations into elec. charge or elec. fields into a mech. strain for sensor, energy harvesting, and actuator applications. A more recent development is the coupling of piezoelectricity and electro-chem., termed piezo-electro-chem., whereby the piezoelec. induced elec. charge or voltage under a mech. stress can influence electro-chem. reactions. There is growing interest in such coupled systems, with a corresponding growth in the no. of assocd. publications and patents. This review focuses on recent development of the piezo-electro-chem. coupling multiple systems based on various piezoelec. materials. It provides an overview of the basic characteristics of piezoelec. materials and comparison of operating conditions and their overall electro-chem. performance. The reported piezo-electro-chem. mechanisms are examd. in detail. Comparisons are made between the ranges of material morphologies employed, and typical operating conditions are discussed. In addn., potential future directions and applications for the development of piezo-electro-chem. hybrid systems are described. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent studies on how piezoelec. materials and devices have been applied to control electro-chem. processes, with an aim to inspire and direct future efforts in this emerging research field.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXis1ertLjK&md5=7c181f8afa8f90fb08024e30e31ddf4f

351

Starr, M. B. ; Wang, X. Coupling of Piezoelectric Effect with Electrochemical Processes. Nano Energy 2015, 14 , 296– 311, DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.01.035

[Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar

351

Coupling of piezoelectric effect with electrochemical processes

Starr, Matthew B.; Wang, Xudong

Nano Energy (2015), 14 (), 296-311CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)

The coupling effect between piezoelec. polarization and electrochem. processes makes possible the engineering of charge-carrier conduction characteristics at the heterojunction between a strained piezoelec. material and a chem. soln. It is a unique subcategory of piezotronics. This mini review paper introduces the fundamental principles of such coupling effects. Applications of this coupling effect are reviewed and discussed in several different aspects, including selective etching enabled by piezo(ferro)-elec. polarization; selective (photo)electrochem. deposition directed by piezo(ferro)-elec. potential; and the direct utilization of piezoelec. potential to drive electrochem. reactions (piezocatalysis). At the end, perspectives of this coupling effect are discussed as a new approach in the fields of corrosion management, nanomanufg. and renewable energy conversion.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXisVOltr8%253D&md5=173e817bb4260372c37e747b0524d6a7

352

You, H. ; Wu, Z. ; Zhang, L. ; Ying, Y. ; Liu, Y. ; Fei, L. ; Chen, X. ; Jia, Y. ; Wang, Y. ; Wang, F. Harvesting the Vibration Energy of BiFeO₃ Nanosheets for Hydrogen Evolution. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58 , 11779– 11784, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906181

[Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar

352

Harvesting the vibration energy of BiFeO3 nanosheets for hydrogen evolution

You, Huilin; Wu, Zheng; Zhang, Luohong; Ying, Yiran; Liu, Yan; Fei, Linfeng; Chen, Xinxin; Jia, Yanmin; Wang, Yaojin; Wang, Feifei; Ju, Sheng; Qiao, Jinli; Lam, Chi-Hang; Huang, Haitao

Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2019), 58 (34), 11779-11784CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

In this study, mech. vibration is used for hydrogen generation and decompn. of dye mols., with the help of BiFeO3 (BFO) square nanosheets. A high hydrogen prodn. rate of ≈124.1 μmol g-1 is achieved under mech. vibration (100 W) for 1 h at the resonant frequency of the BFO nanosheets. The decompn. ratio of Rhodamine B dye reaches up to ≈94.1 % after mech. vibration of the BFO catalyst for 50 min. The vibration-induced catalysis of the BFO square nanosheets may be attributed to the piezocatalytic properties of BFO and the high sp. surface area of the nanosheets. The uncompensated piezoelec. charges on the surfaces of BFO nanosheets induced by mech. vibration result in a built-in elec. field across the nanosheets. Unlike a photocatalyst for water splitting, which requires a proper band edge position for hydrogen evolution, such a requirement is not needed in piezocatalytic water splitting, where the band tilting under the induced piezoelec. field will make the conduction band of BFO more neg. than the H2/H2O redox potential (0 V) for hydrogen generation.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhsVSqurjL&md5=24315b1114326d070f0aa013da5c2e43

353

Qian, W. ; Zhao, K. ; Zhang, D. ; Bowen, C. R. ; Wang, Y. ; Yang, Y. Piezoelectric Material-Polymer Composite Porous Foam for Efficient Dye Degradation Via the Piezo-Catalytic Effect. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11 , 27862– 27869, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07857

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

353

Piezoelectric Material-Polymer Composite Porous Foam for Efficient Dye Degradation via the Piezo-Catalytic Effect

Qian, Weiqi; Zhao, Kun; Zhang, Ding; Bowen, Chris R.; Wang, Yuanhao; Yang, Ya

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2019), 11 (31), 27862-27869CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)

Piezoelec. nanomaterials have been utilized to realize effective charge sepn. for degrading org. pollutants in water under the action of mech. vibrations. However, in particulate form, the nanostructured piezoelec. catalysts can flow into the aq. pollutant and limit its recyclability and reuse. Here, we report a new method of using a barium titanate (BaTiO3, BTO)-polydimethylsiloxane composite porous foam catalyst to address the challenge of secondary pollution and reusable limits. Piezo-catalytic dye degrdn. activity of the porous foam can degrade a Rhodamine B (RhB) dye soln. by ∼94%, and the composite material exhibits excellent stability after repeated decompn. of 12 cycles. It is suggested that under ultrasonic vibrations, the piezoelec. BTO materials create sepd. electron-hole pairs that react with hydroxyl ions and oxygen mols. to generate superoxide (•O2-) and hydroxyl (•OH) radicals for org. dye degrdn. The degrdn. efficiency of RhB is assocd. with the piezoelec. const., the sp. surface area, and the shape of the material.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhtlyis77P&md5=626cab42ebc10955c49c1b2ff99e3b96

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Zhu, P. ; Chen, Y. ; Shi, J. Piezocatalytic Tumor Therapy by Ultrasound-Triggered and BaTiO₃-Mediated Piezoelectricity. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32 , 2001976, DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001976

[Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar

354

Piezocatalytic Tumor Therapy by Ultrasound-Triggered and BaTiO3-Mediated Piezoelectricity

Zhu, Piao; Chen, Yu; Shi, Jianlin

Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2020), 32 (29), 2001976CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

Ultrasound theranostics features non-invasiveness, minor energy attenuation, and high tissue-penetrating capability, and is playing ever-important roles in the diagnosis and therapy of diseases in clinics. Herein, ultrasound is employed as a microscopic pressure resource to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) for piezocatalytic tumor therapy under catalytic mediation by piezoelec. tetragonal BaTiO3 (T-BTO). Under the ultrasonic vibration, the electrons and holes are unpaired and they are sepd. by the piezoelectricity, resulting in the establishment of a strong built-in elec. field, which subsequently catalyzes the generation of ROS such as toxic hydroxyl (•OH) and superoxide radicals (•O2-) in situ for tumor eradication. This modality shows intriguing advantages over typical sonoluminescence-activated sonodynamic therapy, such as more stable sensitizers and dynamical control of redox reaction outcomes. Furthermore, according to the finite element modeling simulation, the built-in elec. field is capable of modulating the band alignment to make the toxic ROS generation energetically favorable. Both detailed in vitro cellular level evaluation and in vivo tumor xenograft assessment have demonstrated that an injectable T-BTO-nanoparticles-embedded thermosensitive hydrogel will substantially induce ultrasound irradn.-triggered cytotoxicity and piezocatalytic tumor eradication, accompanied by high therapeutic biosafety in vivo.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtFOisr%252FN&md5=0104528e6b46f44e5a8d5698dfdc1c0e

355

Starr, M. B. ; Shi, J. ; Wang, X. Piezopotential-Driven Redox Reactions at the Surface of Piezoelectric Materials. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51 , 5962– 5966, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201424

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355

Piezopotential-Driven Redox Reactions at the Surface of Piezoelectric Materials

Starr, Matthew B.; Shi, Jian; Wang, Xudong

Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2012), 51 (24), 5962-5966, S5962/1-S5962/9CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

A piezocatalysis system can directly exert energetic control over chem. species within its immediate vicinity, thus producing H by straining a piezoelec. material in an aq. soln. this discovery emboldens a new strategy for mech. tailoring interface energetics and chem. the H evolution reaction was studied on electrodes on piezoelec. materials.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XmsFCltrs%253D&md5=a8486034fd99273c7c1bce5b99ba274b

356

Hong, K.-S. ; Xu, H. ; Konishi, H. ; Li, X. Direct Water Splitting through Vibrating Piezoelectric Microfibers in Water. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1 , 997– 1002, DOI: 10.1021/jz100027t

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

356

Direct Water Splitting Through Vibrating Piezoelectric Microfibers in Water

Hong, Kuang-Sheng; Xu, Huifang; Konishi, Hiromi; Li, Xiaochun

Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters (2010), 1 (6), 997-1002CODEN: JPCLCD; ISSN:1948-7185. (American Chemical Society)

A piezoelectrochem. effect for the direct conversion of mech. energy to chem. energy was studied. This phenomenon was applied for generating H and O via direct H2O decompn. by as-synthesized piezoelec. ZnO microfibers and BaTiO3 microdendrites. Fibers and dendrites are vibrated with ultrasonic waves leading to a strain-induced elec. charge development on their surface. With sufficient elec. potential, strained piezoelec. fibers (and dendrites) in H2O triggered the redox reaction of H2O to produce H and O gases. ZnO fibers under ultrasonic vibrations showed a stoichiometric ratio of H2/O2 (2:1) initial gas prodn. from pure H2O. This study provides a simple and cost-effective technol. for direct H2O splitting that may generate H fuels by scavenging energy wastes such as noise or stray vibrations from the environment. This discovery may have potential implications in solving challenging energy and environmental issues.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXis1Cnt70%253D&md5=8b36cc6f568d14925439d29ca5950f11

357

Wu, J. M. ; Chang, W. E. ; Chang, Y. T. ; Chang, C.-K. Piezo-Catalytic Effect on the Enhancement of the Ultra-High Degradation Activity in the Dark by Single- and Few-Layers MoS₂ Nanoflowers. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28 , 3718– 3725, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505785

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

357

Piezo-Catalytic Effect on the Enhancement of the Ultra-High Degradation Activity in the Dark by Single- and Few-Layers MoS2 Nanoflowers

Wu, Jyh Ming; Chang, Wei En; Chang, Yu Ting; Chang, Chih-Kai

Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2016), 28 (19), 3718-3725CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

The MoS2 nanoflowers (NFs) were discovered for the 1st time to have a highly efficient piezo-catalyst effect, which can dramatically improve their degrdn. activity for destructing the org. dyes by imposing an ultrasonic wave in the dark. The piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) revealed that a significant amt. of piezoelec. potential generated on the edge sites of the abundantly single- and few-layer MoS2 NFs. The measured potential created from the MoS2 NFs explained how the ultra-fast degrdn. rate of the Rhodamine B (RB) dye reaches 40336 ppm L/mol-s (∼93% degrdn. ratio within 60 s) under the ultrasonic wave in the dark. In contrast, the degrdn. activity of the com. MoS2 bulk sheets, and the TiO2-P25 nanoparticles, were still very weak (<8% degrdn. ratio) under the same exptl. condition. The ultra-high degrdn. activity of the MoS2 NFs was attributed to that of the elec. field generated from the spontaneous polarization of the MoS2 NFs, and induced the polar mols. (i.e., water) in the RB soln. to be absorbed on the polarized surface of the NFs. Thus, creating the highly reactive species such as the free radical O, hydroperoxyl radical, H2O2, and the hydroxyl radical, for destroying the dye mols. by their chain reactions. This is the fastest degrdn. rate among the reported values, and is the 1st description of an ultra-high degrdn. activity through the piezo-catalytic enhancement effect of the MoS2 NFs under the ultrasonic-wave assistance in the dark.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XktVajsrs%253D&md5=d518fbca08c80f45153ec9b0a68652e8

358

Wang, Y. ; Xu, Y. ; Dong, S. ; Wang, P. ; Chen, W. ; Lu, Z. ; Ye, D. ; Pan, B. ; Wu, D. ; Vecitis, C. D. Ultrasonic Activation of Inert Poly (tetrafluoroethylene) Enables Piezocatalytic Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12 , 3508, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23921-3

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

358

Ultrasonic activation of inert poly(tetrafluoroethylene) enables piezocatalytic generation of reactive oxygen species

Wang, Yanfeng; Xu, Yeming; Dong, Shangshang; Wang, Peng; Chen, Wei; Lu, Zhenda; Ye, Deju; Pan, Bingcai; Wu, Di; Vecitis, Chad D.; Gao, Guandao

Nature Communications (2021), 12 (1), 3508CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)

Controlled generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is essential in biol., chem., and environmental fields, and piezoelec. catalysis is an emerging method to generate ROS, esp. in sonodynamic therapy due to its high tissue penetrability, directed orientation, and ability to trigger in situ ROS generation. However, due to the low piezoelec. coeff., and environmental safety and chem. stability concerns of current piezoelec. ROS catalysts, novel piezoelec. materials are urgently needed. Here, we demonstrate a method to induce polarization of inert poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) particles (<d > ∼ 1-5μm) into piezoelec. electrets with a mild and convenient ultrasound process. Continued ultrasonic irradn. of the PTFE electrets generates ROS including hydroxyl radicals (.OH), superoxide (.O2-) and singlet oxygen (1O2) at rates significantly faster than previously reported piezoelec. catalysts. In summary, ultrasonic activation of inert PTFE particles is a simple method to induce permanent PTFE polarization and to piezocatalytically generate aq. ROS that is desirable in a wide-range of applications from environmental pollution control to biomedical therapy.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhsVOqt7bL&md5=d0098656c98cfbe6ffb747bd2f1e6f47

359

Marino, A. ; Arai, S. ; Hou, Y. ; Sinibaldi, E. ; Pellegrino, M. ; Chang, Y.-T. ; Mazzolai, B. ; Mattoli, V. ; Suzuki, M. ; Ciofani, G. Piezoelectric Nanoparticle-Assisted Wireless Neuronal Stimulation. ACS Nano 2015, 9 , 7678– 7689, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03162

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

359

Piezoelectric Nanoparticle-Assisted Wireless Neuronal Stimulation

Marino, Attilio; Arai, Satoshi; Hou, Yanyan; Sinibaldi, Edoardo; Pellegrino, Mario; Chang, Young-Tae; Mazzolai, Barbara; Mattoli, Virgilio; Suzuki, Madoka; Ciofani, Gianni

ACS Nano (2015), 9 (7), 7678-7689CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)

Tetragonal barium titanate nanoparticles (BTNPs) have been exploited as nanotransducers owing to their piezoelec. properties, in order to provide indirect elec. stimulation to SH-SY5Y neuron-like cells. Following application of ultrasounds to cells treated with BTNPs, fluorescence imaging of ion dynamics revealed that the synergic stimulation is able to elicit a significant cellular response in terms of calcium and sodium fluxes; moreover, tests with appropriate blockers demonstrated that voltage-gated membrane channels are activated. The hypothesis of piezoelec. stimulation of neuron-like cells was supported by lack of cellular response in the presence of cubic nonpiezoelec. BTNPs, and further corroborated by a simple electroelastic model of a BTNP subjected to ultrasounds, according to which the generated voltage is compatible with the values required for the activation of voltage-sensitive channels.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtFGitbrP&md5=4964254bfd4a0b9b92f537135f60346e

360

Genchi, G. G. ; Ceseracciu, L. ; Marino, A. ; Labardi, M. ; Marras, S. ; Pignatelli, F. ; Bruschini, L. ; Mattoli, V. ; Ciofani, G. P(VDF-TrFE)/BaTiO₃ Nanoparticle Composite Films Mediate Piezoelectric Stimulation and Promote Differentiation of SH-SY₅Y Neuroblastoma Cells. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2016, 5 , 1808– 1820, DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600245

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360

P(VDF-TrFE)/BaTiO3 Nanoparticle Composite Films Mediate Piezoelectric Stimulation and Promote Differentiation of SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells

Genchi, Giada Graziana; Ceseracciu, Luca; Marino, Attilio; Labardi, Massimiliano; Marras, Sergio; Pignatelli, Francesca; Bruschini, Luca; Mattoli, Virgilio; Ciofani, Gianni

Advanced Healthcare Materials (2016), 5 (14), 1808-1820CODEN: AHMDBJ; ISSN:2192-2640. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

Poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene, P(VDF-TrFE)) and P(VDF-TrFE)/barium titanate nanoparticle (BTNP) films are prepd. and tested as substrates for neuronal stimulation through direct piezoelec. effect. Films are characterized in terms of surface, mech., and piezoelec. features before in vitro testing on SH-SY5Y cells. In particular, BTNPs significantly improve piezoelec. properties of the films (4.5-fold increased d31). Both kinds of films support good SH-SY5Y viability and differentiation. Ultrasound (US) stimulation is proven to elicit Ca2+ transients and to enhance differentiation in cells grown on the piezoelec. substrates. For the first time in the literature, this study demonstrates the suitability of polymer/ceramic composite films and US for neuronal stimulation through direct piezoelec. effect.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XpsVyhsb4%253D&md5=c98d569db9db68f684480e165671eb17

361

Rojas, C. ; Tedesco, M. ; Massobrio, P. ; Marino, A. ; Ciofani, G. ; Martinoia, S. ; Raiteri, R. Acoustic Stimulation Can Induce a Selective Neural Network Response Mediated by Piezoelectric Nanoparticles. J. Neural Eng. 2018, 15 , 036016, DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aaa140

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361

Acoustic stimulation can induce a selective neural network response mediated by piezoelectric nanoparticles

Rojas Camilo; Tedesco Mariateresa; Massobrio Paolo; Marino Attilio; Ciofani Gianni; Martinoia Sergio; Raiteri Roberto

Journal of neural engineering (2018), 15 (3), 036016 ISSN:.

OBJECTIVE: We aim to develop a novel non-invasive or minimally invasive method for neural stimulation to be applied in the study and treatment of brain (dys)functions and neurological disorders. APPROACH: We investigate the electrophysiological response of in vitro neuronal networks when subjected to low-intensity pulsed acoustic stimulation, mediated by piezoelectric nanoparticles adsorbed on the neuronal membrane. MAIN RESULTS: We show that the presence of piezoelectric barium titanate nanoparticles induces, in a reproducible way, an increase in network activity when excited by stationary ultrasound waves in the MHz regime. Such a response can be fully recovered when switching the ultrasound pulse off, depending on the generated pressure field amplitude, whilst it is insensitive to the duration of the ultrasound pulse in the range 0.5 s-1.5 s. We demonstrate that the presence of piezoelectric nanoparticles is necessary, and when applying the same acoustic stimulation to neuronal cultures without nanoparticles or with non-piezoelectric nanoparticles with the same size distribution, no network response is observed. SIGNIFICANCE: We believe that our results open up an extremely interesting approach when coupled with suitable functionalization strategies of the nanoparticles in order to address specific neurons and/or brain areas and applied in vivo, thus enabling remote, non-invasive, and highly selective modulation of the activity of neuronal subpopulations of the central nervous system of mammalians.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1MzgvFKnsQ%253D%253D&md5=b43f2ddf3f4c9ca708a8126b23c42c8c

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Marino, A. ; Barsotti, J. ; de Vito, G. ; Filippeschi, C. ; Mazzolai, B. ; Piazza, V. ; Labardi, M. ; Mattoli, V. ; Ciofani, G. Two-Photon Lithography of 3D Nanocomposite Piezoelectric Scaffolds for Cell Stimulation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7 , 25574– 25579, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08764

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

362

Two-Photon Lithography of 3D Nanocomposite Piezoelectric Scaffolds for Cell Stimulation

Marino, Attilio; Barsotti, Jonathan; de Vito, Giuseppe; Filippeschi, Carlo; Mazzolai, Barbara; Piazza, Vincenzo; Labardi, Massimiliano; Mattoli, Virgilio; Ciofani, Gianni

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2015), 7 (46), 25574-25579CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)

The authors report on the fabrication, the characterization, and the in vitro testing of structures suitable for cell culturing, prepd. through two-photon polymn. of a nanocomposite resist. More in details, com. available Ormocomp has been doped with piezoelec. barium titanate nanoparticles, and bioinspired 3D structures resembling trabeculae of sponge bone have been fabricated. After an extensive characterization, preliminary in vitro testing demonstrated that both the topog. and the piezoelec. cues of these scaffolds are able to enhance the differentiation process of human SaOS-2 cells.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhslynsrrO&md5=125fd3b75744a4511cc29a0432f21e71

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Shiokawa, S. ; Matsui, Y. ; Moriizumi, T. Experimental Study on Liquid Streaming by SAW. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1989, 28 , 126– 128, DOI: 10.7567/JJAPS.28S1.126

364

Shiokawa, S. ; Matsui, Y. ; Ueda, T. Liquid Streaming and Droplet Formation Caused by Leaky Rayleigh Waves. Proc., IEEE Ultrason. Symp. 1989, 1 , 643– 646, DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1989.67063

365

Shiokawa, S. ; Matsui, Y. ; Ueda, T. Study on SAW Streaming and Its Application to Fluid Devices. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1990, 29 , 137– 139, DOI: 10.7567/JJAPS.29S1.137

366

Wixforth, A. ; Gauer, C. ; Scriba, J. ; Wassermeier, M. ; Kirchner, R. Flat Fluidics: A New Route toward Programmable Biochips. Proc. SPIE 2003, 235– 242, DOI: 10.1117/12.478156

367

Strobl, C.; Rathgeber, A.; Wixforth, A.; Gauer, C.; Scriba, J. Planar Microfluidic Processors. 2002 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2002. Proceedings; IEEE: 2002; Vol. 1, pp 255– 258. DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.2002.1193396 .

368

Wixforth, A. Acoustically Driven Planar Microfluidics. Superlattices Microstruct. 2003, 33 , 389– 396, DOI: 10.1016/j.spmi.2004.02.015

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368

Acoustically driven planar microfluidics

Wixforth, Achim

Superlattices and Microstructures (2004), 33 (5-6), 389-396CODEN: SUMIEK; ISSN:0749-6036. (Elsevier Science B.V.)

Surface acoustic waves are used to actuate and process smallest possible amts. of fluids on the planar surface of a piezoelec. chip. Chem. modification of the chip surface is employed to create virtual wells and tubes to confine the liqs. Lithog. modulated wetting properties of the surface define a fluidic network, in analogy to the wiring of an electronic circuit. Acoustic radiation pressure exerted by the surface wave leads to internal streaming in the fluid and eventually to an actuation of small droplets along predetd. trajectories.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2cXjvVWksb0%253D&md5=4b48abd82433652332a09dc353c7587c

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Friend, J. ; Yeo, L. Y. Microscale Acoustofluidics: Microfluidics Driven Via Acoustics and Ultrasonics. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2011, 83 , 647– 704, DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.83.647

370

Bertin, N. ; Spelman, T. A. ; Stephan, O. ; Gredy, L. ; Bouriau, M. ; Lauga, E. ; Marmottant, P. Propulsion of Bubble-Based Acoustic Microswimmers. Phys. Rev. Appl. 2015, 4 , 064012, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.4.064012

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370

Propulsion of bubble-based acoustic microswimmers

Bertin, Nicolas; Spelman, Tamsin A.; Stephan, Olivier; Gredy, Laetitia; Bouriau, Michel; Lauga, Eric; Marmottant, Philippe

Physical Review Applied (2015), 4 (6), 064012/1-064012/5CODEN: PRAHB2; ISSN:2331-7019. (American Physical Society)

Acoustic microswimmers present a great potential for microfluidic applications and targeted drug delivery. Here, we introduce armored microbubbles (size range, 10-20μm) made by three-dimensional microfabrication, which allows the bubbles to last for hours even under forced oscillations. The acoustic resonance of the armored microbubbles is found to be dictated by capillary forces and not by gas vol., and its measurements agree with a theor. calcn. We further measure exptl. and predict theor. the net propulsive flow generated by the bubble vibration. This flow, due to steady streaming in the fluid, can reach 100 mm/s, and is affected by the presence of nearby walls. Finally, microswimmers in motion are shown, either as spinning devices or free swimmers.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtV2mu77J&md5=55644b3a5f921f606ce0e00e1ca0c2e4

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Ma, Z. ; Zhou, Y. ; Cai, F. ; Meng, L. ; Zheng, H. ; Ai, Y. Ultrasonic Microstreaming for Complex-Trajectory Transport and Rotation of Single Particles and Cells. Lab Chip 2020, 20 , 2947– 2953, DOI: 10.1039/D0LC00595A

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371

Ultrasonic microstreaming for complex-trajectory transport and rotation of single particles and cells

Ma, Zhichao; Zhou, Yinning; Cai, Feiyan; Meng, Long; Zheng, Hairong; Ai, Ye

Lab on a Chip (2020), 20 (16), 2947-2953CODEN: LCAHAM; ISSN:1473-0189. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

Precisely controllable transport and rotation of microparticles and cells has great potential to enable new capabilities for single-cell level anal. In this work, we present versatile ultrasonic microstreaming based manipulation that enables active and precise control of transport and rotation of individual microscale particles and biol. cells in a microfluidic device. Two different types of ultrasonic microstreaming flow patterns can be produced by oscillating embedded microstructures in circular and rectilinear vibration modes, which have been validated by both numerical simulation and exptl. observation. We have further showcased the ability to transport individual microparticles along the outlines of complex alphabet letters, demonstrating the versatility and simplicity of single-particle level manipulation with bulk vibration.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtlWkt77O&md5=2bd2dae6e0a6e759e9a1282806aa5336

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Marmottant, P. ; Raven, J. P. ; Gardeniers, H. ; Bomer, J. G. ; Hilgenfeldt, S. Microfluidics with Ultrasound-Driven Bubbles. J. Fluid Mech. 2006, 568 , 109– 118, DOI: 10.1017/S0022112006002746

373

Xu, Y. ; Hashmi, A. ; Yu, G. ; Lu, X. ; Kwon, H.-J. ; Chen, X. ; Xu, J. Microbubble Array for On-Chip Worm Processing. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2013, 102 , 023702, DOI: 10.1063/1.4788677

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373

Microbubble array for on-chip worm processing

Xu, Yuhao; Hashmi, Ali; Yu, Gan; Lu, Xiaonan; Kwon, Hyuck-Jin; Chen, Xiaolin; Xu, Jie

Applied Physics Letters (2013), 102 (2), 023702/1-023702/5CODEN: APPLAB; ISSN:0003-6951. (American Institute of Physics)

We present an acoustic non-contact technique for achieving trapping, enrichment, and manipulation of Caenorhabditis elegans using an array of oscillating microbubbles. We characterize the trapping efficiency and enrichment ratio under various flow conditions, and demonstrate a single-worm manipulation mechanism through temporal actuation of bubbles. The reason for oscillating bubbles being versatile in processing worms in a microfluidic environment is due to the complex interactions among acoustic field, microbubbles, fluid flow, and live animals. We explain the operating mechanisms used in our device by the interplay among secondary acoustic radiation force, drag force, and the propulsive force of C. elegans. (c) 2013 American Institute of Physics.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXpslygtw%253D%253D&md5=5f034b900623672ad2fa3f8622b5f98d

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Wang, C. ; Rallabandi, B. ; Hilgenfeldt, S. Frequency Dependence and Frequency Control of Microbubble Streaming Flows. Phys. Fluids 2013, 25 , 022002, DOI: 10.1063/1.4790803

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374

Frequency dependence and frequency control of microbubble streaming flows

Wang, Cheng; Rallabandi, Bhargav; Hilgenfeldt, Sascha

Physics of Fluids (2013), 25 (2), 022002/1-022002/16CODEN: PHFLE6; ISSN:1070-6631. (American Institute of Physics)

Steady streaming from oscillating microbubbles is a powerful actuating mechanism in microfluidics, enjoying increased use due to its simplicity of manuf., ease of integration, low heat generation, and unprecedented control over the flow field and particle transport. As the streaming flow patterns are caused by oscillations of microbubbles in contact with walls of the set-up, an understanding of the bubble dynamics is crucial. Here we exptl. characterize the oscillation modes and the frequency response spectrum of such cylindrical bubbles, driven by a pressure variation resulting from ultrasound in the range of 1 kHz .ltorsim.f.ltorsim. 100 kHz. We find that (i) the appearance of 2D streaming flow patterns is governed by the relative amplitudes of bubble azimuthal surface modes (normalized by the vol. response), (ii) distinct, robust resonance patterns occur independent of details of the set-up, and (iii) the position and width of the resonance peaks can be understood using an asymptotic theory approach. This theory describes, for the first time, the shape oscillations of a pinned cylindrical bubble at a wall and gives insight into necessary mode couplings that shape the response spectrum. Having thus correlated relative mode strengths and obsd. flow patterns, we demonstrate that the performance of a bubble micromixer can be optimized by making use of such flow variations when modulating the driving frequency. (c) 2013 American Institute of Physics.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXjtlehuro%253D&md5=680070dd59ebecfefb67d3825ce26dda

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Ahmed, D. ; Ozcelik, A. ; Bojanala, N. ; Nama, N. ; Upadhyay, A. ; Chen, Y. ; Hanna-Rose, W. ; Huang, T. J. Rotational Manipulation of Single Cells and Organisms Using Acoustic Waves. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7 , 11085, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11085

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375

Rotational manipulation of single cells and organisms using acoustic waves

Ahmed, Daniel; Ozcelik, Adem; Bojanala, Nagagireesh; Nama, Nitesh; Upadhyay, Awani; Chen, Yuchao; Hanna-Rose, Wendy; Huang, Tony Jun

Nature Communications (2016), 7 (), 11085CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)

The precise rotational manipulation of single cells or organisms is invaluable to many applications in biol., chem., physics and medicine. In this article, we describe an acoustic-based, on-chip manipulation method that can rotate single microparticles, cells and organisms. To achieve this, we trapped microbubbles within predefined sidewall microcavities inside a microchannel. In an acoustic field, trapped microbubbles were driven into oscillatory motion generating steady microvortices which were utilized to precisely rotate colloids, cells and entire organisms (i.e., C. elegans). We have tested the capabilities of our method by analyzing reproductive system pathologies and nervous system morphol. in C. elegans. Using our device, we revealed the underlying abnormal cell fusion causing defective vulval morphol. in mutant worms. Our acoustofluidic rotational manipulation (ARM) technique is an easy-to-use, compact, and biocompatible method, permitting rotation regardless of optical, magnetic or elec. properties of the sample under investigation.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XkvVCgsbo%253D&md5=78fbb54f6ad4f6ea126792cdc8b0108d

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Ozcelik, A. ; Nama, N. ; Huang, P.-H. ; Kaynak, M. ; McReynolds, M. R. ; Hanna-Rose, W. ; Huang, T. J. Acoustofluidic Rotational Manipulation of Cells and Organisms Using Oscillating Solid Structures. Small 2016, 12 , 5120– 5125, DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601760

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376

Acoustofluidic Rotational Manipulation of Cells and Organisms Using Oscillating Solid Structures

Ozcelik, Adem; Nama, Nitesh; Huang, Po-Hsun; Kaynak, Murat; McReynolds, Melanie R.; Hanna-Rose, Wendy; Huang, Tony Jun

Small (2016), 12 (37), 5120-5125CODEN: SMALBC; ISSN:1613-6810. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

The authors present an acoustofluidic device that achieves highly tunable on-chip rotational manipulation of single HeLa cells and a model organism (Caenorhabditis elegans) using acoustic waves. In particular, the authors employ steady streaming microvortices generated by oscillating solid structures in an acoustic field where the cells or the organisms are being rotated by the torque generated via the streaming flows. Compared with the existing technologies, the presented acoustofluidic rotation method is robust, biocompatible, independent of optical, magnetic or elec. properties of specimen and adaptable to existing microfluidic platforms.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xhtlalur%252FI&md5=cf1ac7f4226561532196455021212b1c

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Lu, X. ; Zhao, K. ; Liu, W. ; Yang, D. ; Shen, H. ; Peng, H. ; Guo, X. ; Li, J. ; Wang, J. A Human Microrobot Interface Based on Acoustic Manipulation. ACS Nano 2019, 13 , 11443– 11452, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04930

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

377

A Human Microrobot Interface Based on Acoustic Manipulation

Lu, Xiaolong; Zhao, Kangdong; Liu, Wenjuan; Yang, Dongxin; Shen, Hui; Peng, Hanmin; Guo, Xiasheng; Li, Jinxing; Wang, Joseph

ACS Nano (2019), 13 (10), 11443-11452CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)

Micro/nanorobotic systems capable of targeted transporting and releasing hold considerable promise for drug delivery, cellular surgery, biosensing, nano assembling, etc. However, on-demand precise control of the micro/nanorobot movement remains a major challenge. In particular, a practical interface to realize instant and customized interactions between human and micro/nanorobots, which is quite essential for developing next generation intelligent micro/nanorobots, has seldom been explored. Here, we present a human-microrobot user interface to perform direct and agile recognition of user commands and signal conversion for driving the microrobot. The microrobot platform is built based on locally enhanced acoustic streaming which could precisely transport microparticles and cells along a given pathway, while the interface is enabled by tuning the actuation frequency and time with different instructions and inputs. Our numerical simulations and exptl. demonstrations illustrate that microparticles can be readily transported along the path by the acoustic robotic system, due to the vibration-induced locally enhanced acoustic streaming and resultant propulsion force. The acoustic robotic platform allows large-scale parallel transportation for microparticles and cells along given paths. The human microrobot interface enables the micromanipulator to response promptly to the users' commands input by typing or music playing for accurate transport. For example, the music tone of a playing melody is used for manipulating a cancer cell to a targeted position. The interface offers several attractive capabilities, including tunable speed and orientation, quick response, considerable delivery capacities, high precision and favorable controllability. We expect that such interface will work as a compelling and versatile platform for myriad potential scenarios in transportation units of microrobots, single cell anal. instruments, lab-on-chip systems, microfactories, etc.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhs1ajurbO&md5=53dcd39635de446b0deb2735ca8c5389

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Gao, Y. ; Wu, M. ; Lin, Y. ; Zhao, W. ; Xu, J. Acoustic Bubble-Based Bidirectional Micropump. Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2020, 24 , 29, DOI: 10.1007/s10404-020-02334-6

379

Rezai, P. ; Salam, S. ; Selvaganapathy, P. R. ; Gupta, B. P. Electrical Sorting of Caenorhabditis Elegans. Lab Chip 2012, 12 , 1831– 1840, DOI: 10.1039/c2lc20967e

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379

Electrical sorting of Caenorhabditis elegans

Rezai, Pouya; Salam, Sangeena; Selvaganapathy, Ponnambalam Ravi; Gupta, Bhagwati P.

Lab on a Chip (2012), 12 (10), 1831-1840CODEN: LCAHAM; ISSN:1473-0189. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

The nematode (worm) C. elegans is one of the widely studied animal model organisms in biol. It develops through 4 larval stages (L1-L4) in 2 to 3 days before becoming a young adult. Biol. assays involving C. elegans frequently require a large no. of animals that are appropriately staged and exhibit a similar behavior. We have developed a new method to synchronize animals that relies on the electrotactic response (elec. field-induced motion) of C. elegans to sort them in parallel based on their age, size and phenotype. By using local elec. field traps in a microfluidic device, we can efficiently sort worms from a mixed culture in a semi-continuous flow manner (with a min. throughput of 78 worms per min per load-run) and obtain synchronized populations of animals. In addn. to sorting larvae, our device can also distinguish between young and old adults efficiently. Unlike fluorescent based sorting systems that use active imaging based feedback, this method is passive and automatic and uses the innate behavior of the worm. Considering that the entire procedure takes only a few minutes to run and is cost-effective, it promises to simplify and accelerate expts. requiring homogeneous cultures of worms as well as to facilitate isolation of mutants that have abnormal electrotaxis. More importantly, our method of isolating and sepg. worms using locomotion as a defining characteristic promises development of advanced microfluidics-based systems to study the neuronal basis of movement-related defects in worms and facilitate high-throughput chem. screening and drug discovery.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XlvFGrtLs%253D&md5=c7fbb934edaedcc5f8db10127a5bf916

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Chen, C. ; Gu, Y. ; Philippe, J. ; Zhang, P. ; Bachman, H. ; Zhang, J. ; Mai, J. ; Rufo, J. ; Rawls, J. F. ; Davis, E. E. Acoustofluidic Rotational Tweezing Enables High-Speed Contactless Morphological Phenotyping of Zebrafish Larvae. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12 , 1118, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21373-3

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380

Acoustofluidic rotational tweezing enables high-speed contactless morphological phenotyping of zebrafish larvae

Chen, Chuyi; Gu, Yuyang; Philippe, Julien; Zhang, Peiran; Bachman, Hunter; Zhang, Jinxin; Mai, John; Rufo, Joseph; Rawls, John F.; Davis, Erica E.; Katsanis, Nicholas; Huang, Tony Jun

Nature Communications (2021), 12 (1), 1118CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)

Modern biomedical research and preclin. pharmaceutical development rely heavily on the phenotyping of small vertebrate models for various diseases prior to human testing. In this article, we demonstrate an acoustofluidic rotational tweezing platform that enables contactless, high-speed, 3D multispectral imaging and digital reconstruction of zebrafish larvae for quant. phenotypic anal. The acoustic-induced polarized vortex streaming achieves contactless and rapid (∼1 s/rotation) rotation of zebrafish larvae. This enables multispectral imaging of the zebrafish body and internal organs from different viewing perspectives. Moreover, we develop a 3D reconstruction pipeline that yields accurate 3D models based on the multi-view images for quant. evaluation of basic morphol. characteristics and advanced combinations of metrics. With its contactless nature and advantages in speed and automation, our acoustofluidic rotational tweezing system has the potential to be a valuable asset in numerous fields, esp. for developmental biol., small mol. screening in biochem., and pre-clin. drug development in pharmacol.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXkvFejsLk%253D&md5=f7e61e1e06f2a3250c0f93fa36d34a8c

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Läubli, N. F. ; Burri, J. T. ; Marquard, J. ; Vogler, H. ; Mosca, G. ; Vertti-Quintero, N. ; Shamsudhin, N. ; DeMello, A. ; Grossniklaus, U. ; Ahmed, D. ; Nelson, B. J. 3D Mechanical Characterization of Single Cells and Small Organisms Using Acoustic Manipulation and Force Microscopy. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12 , 2583, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22718-8

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381

3D mechanical characterization of single cells and small organisms using acoustic manipulation and force microscopy

Laubli, Nino F.; Burri, Jan T.; Marquard, Julian; Vogler, Hannes; Mosca, Gabriella; Vertti-Quintero, Nadia; Shamsudhin, Naveen; deMello, Andrew; Grossniklaus, Ueli; Ahmed, Daniel; Nelson, Bradley J.

Nature Communications (2021), 12 (1), 2583CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)

Quant. micromech. characterization of single cells and multicellular tissues or organisms is of fundamental importance to the study of cellular growth, morphogenesis, and cell-cell interactions. However, due to limited manipulation capabilities at the microscale, systems used for mech. characterizations struggle to provide complete three-dimensional coverage of individual specimens. Here, we combine an acoustically driven manipulation device with a micro-force sensor to freely rotate biol. samples and quantify mech. properties at multiple regions of interest within a specimen. The versatility of this tool is demonstrated through the anal. of single Lilium longiflorum pollen grains, in combination with numerical simulations, and individual Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes. It reveals local variations in apparent stiffness for single specimens, providing previously inaccessible information and datasets on mech. properties that serve as the basis for biophys. modeling and allow deeper insights into the biomechanics of these living systems.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhtVynt7zO&md5=22d98e1f129eaee445d4df2e122f0e52

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Hayakawa, T. ; Sakuma, S. ; Arai, F. On-Chip 3D Rotation of Oocyte Based on a Vibration-Induced Local Whirling Flow. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 2015, 1 , 15001, DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2015.1

383

Lu, X. ; Soto, F. ; Li, J. ; Li, T. ; Liang, Y. ; Wang, J. Topographical Manipulation of Microparticles and Cells with Acoustic Microstreaming. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9 , 38870– 38876, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15237

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383

Topographical Manipulation of Microparticles and Cells with Acoustic Microstreaming

Lu, Xiaolong; Soto, Fernando; Li, Jinxing; Li, Tianlong; Liang, Yuyan; Wang, Joseph

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2017), 9 (44), 38870-38876CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)

Precise and reproducible manipulation of synthetic and biol. microscale objects in complex environments is essential for many practical biochip and microfluidic applications. Here, the authors present an attractive acoustic topog. manipulation (ATM) method to achieve efficient and reproducible manipulation of diverse microscale objects. This new guidance method relies on the acoustically induced localized microstreaming forces generated around microstructures, which are capable of trapping nearby microobjects and manipulating them along a detd. trajectory based on local topog. features. This unique phenomenon was studied by numerical simulations examg. the local microstreaming in the presence of microscale boundaries under the standing acoustic wave. This method can be used to manipulate a single microobject around a complex structure as well as collectively manipulate multiple objects moving synchronously along complicated shapes. Furthermore, the ATM can serve for automated maze solving by autonomously manipulating microparticles with diverse geometries and densities, including live cells, through complex maze-like topog. features without external feedback, particle modification, or adjustment of operational parameters.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhs1Gru7fM&md5=c5d5feee3508e1d5a437fef1bd0134c2

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Zhou, Y. ; Ma, Z. ; Ai, Y. Submicron Particle Concentration and Patterning with Ultralow Frequency Acoustic Vibration. Anal. Chem. 2020, 92 , 12795– 12800, DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02765

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384

Submicron Particle Concentration and Patterning with Ultralow Frequency Acoustic Vibration

Zhou, Yinning; Ma, Zhichao; Ai, Ye

Analytical Chemistry (Washington, DC, United States) (2020), 92 (19), 12795-12800CODEN: ANCHAM; ISSN:0003-2700. (American Chemical Society)

Acoustofluidics have been widely used for particle and cell manipulations. Given the scaling of acoustic radiation forces and acoustic streaming flow velocities with increasing frequency, existing acoustofluidic manipulation of submicron particles require actuation at MHz and even GHz frequencies. In this work, we explore a novel acoustofluidic phenomenon, where an ultralow frequency (800 Hz) acoustic vibration is capable of concg. and patterning submicron particles at two poles of each pillar in an array embedded in a microfluidic device. This unprecedented phenomenon is attributed to a collective effect of acoustic streaming induced drag force and non-Newtonian fluid induced elastic lift force, arising from sym. acoustic microstreaming flows around each pillar uniformly across the entire pillar array. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that particles can be manipulated by an acoustic wave with a wavelength that is 6 orders of magnitude larger than the particle size. This ultralow frequency acoustofluidics will enable a simple and cost-effective soln. to effective and uniform manipulation of submicron biol. particles in large scales, which has the potential to be widely exploited in clin. and biomedical fields.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhslKqtbzF&md5=9bff02af89ae631983ad5d56d7daaf0e

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Ryu, K. ; Chung, S. K. ; Cho, S. K. Micropumping by an Acoustically Excited Oscillating Bubble for Automated Implantable Microfluidic Devices. JALA 2010, 15 , 163– 171, DOI: 10.1016/j.jala.2010.01.012

386

Nguyen, N.-T. ; Wu, Z. Micromixers – a review. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2005, 15 , R1– R16, DOI: 10.1088/0960-1317/15/2/R01

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Angular characterization of 15 MeV and 65 MeV bremsstrahlung photons from W-target

Nguyen, Van Do; Khue, Pham Duc

Communications in Physics (Hanoi, Viet Nam) (2005), 15 (1), 1-5CODEN: CMPYEL; ISSN:0868-3166. (National Centre for Natural Science and Technology of Vietnam)

Angular characterization of 15 MeV and 65 MeV bremsstrahlung photons from W-targets has been investigated. The measurements were carried out by using the multi-foil activation technique. In this paper the exptl. procedures and the results are presented.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XhsFSqsb0%253D&md5=8aef6018031743f067f664f3793de69c

387

Liu, R. H. ; Yang, J. ; Pindera, M. Z. ; Athavale, M. ; Grodzinski, P. Bubble-Induced Acoustic Micromixing. Lab Chip 2002, 2 , 151– 157, DOI: 10.1039/b201952c

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

387

Bubble-induced acoustic micromixing

Liu, Robin H.; Yang, Jianing; Pindera, Maciej Z.; Athavale, Mahesh; Grodzinski, Piotr

Lab on a Chip (2002), 2 (3), 151-157CODEN: LCAHAM; ISSN:1473-0197. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

A mixing technique based on the principle of bubble-induced acoustic microstreaming was developed. The mixer consists of a piezoelec. disk that is attached to a reaction chamber, which is designed in such a way that a set of air bubbles with desirable size is trapped in the soln. Fluidic expts. showed that air bubbles resting on a solid surface and set into vibration by the sound field generated steady circulatory flows, resulting in global convection flows and thus rapid mixing. The time to fully mix a 22 μL chamber is significantly reduced from hours (for a pure diffusion-based mixing) to tens of seconds. Numerical simulations showed that the induced flowfield and thus degree of mixing strongly depend on bubble positions. Optimal simulated mixing results were obtained for staggered bubble distribution that minimizes the no. of internal flow stagnation regions. Immunomagnetic cell capture expts. showed that acoustic microstreaming provided efficient mixing of bacterial cell (Escherichia coli K12) matrix suspended in blood with magnetic capture beads, resulting in highly effective immunomagnetic cell capture. Bacterial viability assay expts. showed that acoustic microstreaming has a relatively low shear strain field since the blood cells and bacteria remained intact after mixing. Acoustic microstreaming has many advantages over most existing chamber micromixing techniques, including simple app., ease of implementation, low power consumption (2 mW), and low cost.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38XmsVWgsbo%253D&md5=4c44615f356ac2f7573f0fee63531b76

388

Liu, R. H. ; Lenigk, R. ; Druyor-Sanchez, R. L. ; Yang, J. ; Grodzinski, P. Hybridization Enhancement Using Cavitation Microstreaming. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75 , 1911– 1917, DOI: 10.1021/ac026267t

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

388

Hybridization enhancement using cavitation microstreaming

Liu, Robin Hui; Lenigk, Ralf; Druyor-Sanchez, Roberta L.; Yang, Jianing; Grodzinski, Piotr

Analytical Chemistry (2003), 75 (8), 1911-1917CODEN: ANCHAM; ISSN:0003-2700. (American Chemical Society)

Conventional DNA microarray hybridization relies on diffusion of target to surface-bound probes, and thus is a rate-limited process. In this paper, a micromixing technique based on cavitation microstreaming principle that was developed to accelerate hybridization process is explained. Fluidic expts. showed that air bubbles resting on a solid surface and set into vibration by a sound field generated steady circulatory flows, resulting in global convection flows and, thus, rapid mixing. The time to fully mix dyed solns. in a 50-μL chamber using cavitation microstreaming was significantly reduced from hours (a pure diffusion-based mixing) to 6 s. Cavitation microstreaming was implemented to enhance DNA hybridization in both fluorescence-detection-based and electrochem.-detection-based DNA microarray chips. The former showed that cavitation microstreaming results in up to 5-fold hybridization signal enhancement with significantly improved signal uniformity, as compared to the results obtained in conventional diffusion-based biochips for a given time (2 h). Hybridization kinetics study in the electrochem. detection-based chips showed that acoustic microstreaming results in up to 5-fold kinetics acceleration. Acoustic microstreaming has many advantages over most existing techniques used for hybridization enhancement, including a simple app., ease of implementation, low power consumption (∼2 mW), and low cost.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3sXhslSlsrg%253D&md5=efdef1ca6e8548526e6cbf3c800b4ccf

389

Ahmed, D. ; Mao, X. ; Juluri, B. K. ; Huang, T. J. A Fast Microfluidic Mixer Based on Acoustically Driven Sidewall-Trapped Microbubbles. Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2009, 7 , 727– 731, DOI: 10.1007/s10404-009-0444-3

[Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar

389

A fast microfluidic mixer based on acoustically driven sidewall-trapped microbubbles

Ahmed, Daniel; Mao, Xiaole; Krishna Juluri, Bala; Huang, Tony Jun

Microfluidics and Nanofluidics (2009), 7 (5), 727-731CODEN: MNIAAR; ISSN:1613-4982. (Springer)

Due to the low Reynolds no. assocd. with microscale fluid flow, it is difficult to rapidly and homogeneously mix two fluids. In this letter, we report a fast and homogenized mixing device through the use of a bubble-based microfluidic structure. This micromixing device worked by trapping air bubbles within the pre-designed grooves on the sidewalls of the channel. When acoustically driven, the membranes (liq./air interfaces) of these trapped bubbles started to oscillate. The bubble oscillation resulted in a microstreaming phenomenon-strong pressure and velocity fluctuations in the bulk liq., thus giving rise to fast and homogenized mixing of two side-by-side flowing fluids. The performance of the mixer was characterized by mixing deionized water and ink at different flow rates. The mixing time was measured to be as small as 120 ms.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXhsVSmurbE&md5=22f3615644cc5fbd8f839e7ddeb79a38

390

Okabe, Y. ; Chen, Y. ; Purohit, R. ; Corn, R. M. ; Lee, A. P. Piezoelectrically driven vertical cavity acoustic transducers for the convective transport and rapid detection of DNA and protein binding to DNA microarrays with SPR imaging – A parametric study. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2012, 35 , 37– 43, DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.01.028

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

390

Piezoelectrically driven vertical cavity acoustic transducers for the convective transport and rapid detection of DNA and protein binding to DNA microarrays with SPR imaging-A parametric study

Okabe, Yuka; Chen, Yulin; Purohit, Rishi; Corn, Robert M.; Lee, Abraham P.

Biosensors & Bioelectronics (2012), 35 (1), 37-43CODEN: BBIOE4; ISSN:0956-5663. (Elsevier B.V.)

Mixing within the microdomain is limited because convective mixing cannot be achieved since diffusion dominates as the main form of transport. Hence microassays can take on the order of 1 to 72 h, without the aid of a passive or active mixer to shorten the time of transport of a target mol. to a probe (Lai et al., 2004). Liu et al. (2002, 2003) developed a low cost cavitation microstreaming based mixer which is easy to implement and use, but no comprehensive study has been done to optimize such a mixer for various applications. We present a study of the effects of various frequencies and cavity parameters on mixing using dye and surface based assays with protein, DNA, and nanoparticles to obtain an optimum mixing frequency and configuration for a wide range of assay applications. We present a novel method to monitor real time binding using surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI) coupled with a vertical cavity acoustic transducer (VCAT) micromixer for various biomol. surface assays. The combination of VCAT and SPRI allows assay signal satn. within one minute while conserving reagent vol. The kinetic rate const. for adsorption (ka) and desorption (kd) as well as the limit of detection (LOD) of 5 nM for the DNA duplex formation are reported using this VCAT micromixer.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XlsFGns7Y%253D&md5=bbdd7a4d6d185a106b33f075d437c126

391

Huang, P.-H. ; Xie, Y. ; Ahmed, D. ; Rufo, J. ; Nama, N. ; Chen, Y. ; Chan, C. Y. ; Huang, T. J. An Acoustofluidic Micromixer Based on Oscillating Sidewall Sharp-Edges. Lab Chip 2013, 13 , 3847– 3852, DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50568e

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

391

An acoustofluidic micromixer based on oscillating sidewall sharp-edges

Huang, Po-Hsun; Xie, Yuliang; Ahmed, Daniel; Rufo, Joseph; Nama, Nitesh; Chen, Yuchao; Chan, Chung Yu; Huang, Tony Jun

Lab on a Chip (2013), 13 (19), 3847-3852CODEN: LCAHAM; ISSN:1473-0189. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

Rapid and homogeneous mixing inside a microfluidic channel is demonstrated via the acoustic streaming phenomenon induced by the oscillation of sidewall sharp-edges. By optimizing the design of the sharp-edges, excellent mixing performance and fast mixing speed can be achieved in a simple device, making our sharp-edge-based acoustic micromixer a promising candidate for a wide variety of applications.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtlentr3K&md5=5fedbeffe3fa359822862e9fe92ae060

392

Huang, P.-H. ; Nama, N. ; Mao, Z. ; Li, P. ; Rufo, J. ; Chen, Y. ; Xie, Y. ; Wei, C.-H. ; Wang, L. ; Huang, T. J. A Reliable and Programmable Acoustofluidic Pump Powered by Oscillating Sharp-Edge Structures. Lab Chip 2014, 14 , 4319– 4323, DOI: 10.1039/C4LC00806E

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

392

A reliable and programmable acoustofluidic pump powered by oscillating sharp-edge structures

Huang, Po-Hsun; Nama, Nitesh; Mao, Zhangming; Li, Peng; Rufo, Joseph; Chen, Yuchao; Xie, Yuliang; Wei, Cheng-Hsin; Wang, Lin; Huang, Tony Jun

Lab on a Chip (2014), 14 (22), 4319-4323CODEN: LCAHAM; ISSN:1473-0189. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

We present a programmable acoustofluidic pump that utilizes the acoustic streaming effects generated by the oscillation of tilted sharp-edge structures. This sharp-edge-based acoustofluidic pump is capable of generating stable flow rates as high as 8 μL min-1 (∼76 Pa of pumping pressure), and it can tune flow rates across a wide range (nanoliters to microliters per min). Along with its ability to reliably produce stable and tunable flow rates, the acoustofluidic pump is easy to operate and requires min. hardware, showing great potential for a variety of applications.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhsVygsrbJ&md5=31a7dae50375563f0273d04cde35ccfc

393

Huang, A. ; Liu, H. ; Manor, O. ; Liu, P. ; Friend, J. Enabling Rapid Charging Lithium Metal Batteries Via Surface Acoustic Wave-Driven Electrolyte Flow. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32 , 1907516, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907516

[Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar

393

Enabling Rapid Charging Lithium Metal Batteries via Surface Acoustic Wave-Driven Electrolyte Flow

Huang, An; Liu, Haodong; Manor, Ofer; Liu, Ping; Friend, James

Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2020), 32 (14), 1907516CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

Both powerful and unstable, practical lithium metal batteries have remained a difficult challenge for over 50 years. With severe ion depletion gradients in the electrolyte during charging, they rapidly develop porosity, dendrites, and dead Li that cause poor performance and, all too often, spectacular failure. Remarkably, incorporating a small, 100 MHz surface acoustic wave device (SAW) solves this problem. Providing acoustic streaming electrolyte flow during charging, the device enables dense Li plating and avoids porosity and dendrites. SAW-integrated Li cells can operate up to 6 mA cm-2 in a com. carbonate-based electrolyte; omitting the SAW leads to short circuiting at 2 mA cm-2. The Li deposition is morphol. dendrite-free and close to theor. d. when cycling with the SAW. With a 245μm thick Li anode in a full Li||LFP (LiFePO4) cell, introducing the SAW increases the uncycled Li from 145 to 225μm, decreasing Li consumption from 41% to only 8%. A closed-form model is provided to explain the phenomena and serve as a design tool for integrating this chem.-agnostic approach into batteries whatever the chem. within.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXjt12gsro%253D&md5=50ce564f99627cf299ac24dcad47f0a3

394

Zhang, N. ; Horesh, A. ; Manor, O. ; Friend, J. Powerful Acoustogeometric Streaming from Dynamic Geometric Nonlinearity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2021, 126 , 164502, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.164502

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394

Powerful acoustogeometric streaming from dynamic geometric nonlinearity

Zhang, Naiqing; Horesh, Amihai; Manor, Ofer; Friend, James

Physical Review Letters (2021), 126 (16), 164502CODEN: PRLTAO; ISSN:1079-7114. (American Physical Society)

Past forms of acoustic streaming, named after their progenitors Eckart (1948), Schlichting (1932), and Rayleigh (1884), serve to describe fluid and particle transport phenomena from the macro to micro-scale. Governed by the fluid viscosity, traditional acoustic streaming arises from second-order nonlinear coupling between the fluid's d. and particle velocity, with the first-order acoustic wave time averaging to zero. We describe a form of acoustogeometric streaming that has a nonzero first-order contribution. Exptl. discovered in nanochannels of a height commensurate with the viscous penetration depth of the fluid in the channel, it arises from nonlinear interactions between the surrounding channel deformation and the leading order acoustic pressure field, generating flow pressures three orders of magnitude greater than any known acoustically mediated mechanism. It enables the propulsion of fluids against significant Laplace pressure, sufficient to produce 6 mm/s flow in a 130-150 nm tall nanoslit. We find quant. agreement between theory and expt. across a variety of fluids and conditions, and identify the max. flow rate with a channel height 1.59 times the viscous penetration depth.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhtFensLjE&md5=23f5492658248eabd3e450c1efd89412

395

Hashmi, A. ; Yu, G. ; Reilly-Collette, M. ; Heiman, G. ; Xu, J. Oscillating Bubbles: a Versatile Tool for Lab on a Chip Applications. Lab Chip 2012, 12 , 4216– 4227, DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40424a

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395

Oscillating bubbles: a versatile tool for lab on a chip applications

Hashmi, Ali; Yu, Gan; Reilly-Collette, Marina; Heiman, Garrett; Xu, Jie

Lab on a Chip (2012), 12 (21), 4216-4227CODEN: LCAHAM; ISSN:1473-0189. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

With the fast development of acoustic and multiphase microfluidics in recent years, oscillating bubbles have drawn more-and-more attention due to their great potential in various Lab on a Chip (LOC) applications. Many innovative bubble-based devices have been explored in the past decade. In this article, we first briefly summarize current understanding of the physics of oscillating bubbles, and then critically summarize recent advancements, including some of our original work, on the applications of oscillating bubbles in microfluidic devices. We intend to highlight the advantages of using oscillating bubbles along with the challenges that accompany them. We believe that these emerging studies on microfluidic oscillating bubbles will be revolutionary to the development of next-generation LOC technologies.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhsVCqu7vO&md5=61ef0f22322576e88caee7927fcf868d

396

Soto, F. ; Karshalev, E. ; Zhang, F. ; Esteban Fernandez de Avila, B. ; Nourhani, A. ; Wang, J. Smart Materials for Microrobots. Chem. Rev. 2021, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00999

397

Ahmed, D. ; Baasch, T. ; Jang, B. ; Pane, S. ; Dual, J. ; Nelson, B. J. Artificial Swimmers Propelled by Acoustically Activated Flagella. Nano Lett. 2016, 16 , 4968– 74, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01601

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

397

Artificial Swimmers Propelled by Acoustically Activated Flagella

Ahmed, Daniel; Baasch, Thierry; Jang, Bumjin; Pane, Salvador; Dual, Jurg; Nelson, Bradley J.

Nano Letters (2016), 16 (8), 4968-4974CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)

Recent studies have garnered considerable interest in the field of propulsion to maneuver micro- and nanosized objects. Acoustics provide an alternate and attractive method to generate propulsion. To date, most acoustic-based swimmers do not use structural resonances, and their motion is detd. by a combination of bulk acoustic streaming and a standing-wave field. The resultant field is intrinsically dependent on the boundaries of their resonating chambers. Though acoustic based propulsion is appealing in biol. contexts, existing swimmers are less efficient, esp. when operating in vivo, since no predictable standing-wave can be established in a human body. Here we describe a new class of nanoswimmer propelled by the small-amplitude oscillation of a flagellum-like flexible tail in standing and, more importantly, in traveling acoustic waves. The artificial nanoswimmer, fabricated by multistep electrodeposition techniques, compromises a rigid bimetallic head and a flexible tail. During acoustic excitation of the nanoswimmer the tail structure oscillates, which leads to a large amplitude propulsion in traveling waves. FEM simulation results show that the structural resonances lead to high propulsive forces.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xht1ejt7%252FO&md5=3f1e90d9eb11027a5fb621b82ca21575

398

Wang, W. ; Castro, L. A. ; Hoyos, M. ; Mallouk, T. E. Autonomous Motion of Metallic Microrods Propelled by Ultrasound. ACS Nano 2012, 6 , 6122– 6132, DOI: 10.1021/nn301312z

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

398

Autonomous Motion of Metallic Microrods Propelled by Ultrasound

Wang, Wei; Castro, Luz Angelica; Hoyos, Mauricio; Mallouk, Thomas E.

ACS Nano (2012), 6 (7), 6122-6132CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)

Autonomously moving micro-objects, or micromotors, have attracted the attention of the scientific community over the past decade, but the incompatibility of phoretic motors with solns. of high ionic strength and the use of toxic fuels have limited their applications in biol. relevant media. Ultrasonic standing waves in the MHz frequency range can levitate, propel, rotate, align, and assemble metallic microrods (2 μm long and 330 nm diam.) in H2O as well as in solns. of high ionic strength. Metallic rods levitated to the midpoint plane of a cylindrical cell when the ultrasonic frequency was tuned to create a vertical standing wave. Fast axial motion of metallic microrods at ∼200 μm/s was obsd. at the resonant frequency using continuous or pulsed ultrasound. Segmented metal rods (AuRu or AuPt) were propelled unidirectionally with one end (Ru or Pt, resp.) consistently forward. A self-acoustophoresis mechanism based on the shape asymmetry of the metallic rods is proposed to explain this axial propulsion. Metallic rods also aligned and self-assembled into long spinning chains, which in the case of bimetallic rods had a head-to-tail alternating structure. These chains formed ring or streak patterns in the levitation plane. The diam. or distance between streaks was roughly half the wavelength of the ultrasonic excitation. The ultrasonically driven movement of metallic rods was insensitive to the addn. of salt to the soln., opening the possibility of driving and controlling metallic micromotors in biol. relevant media using ultrasound.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XnsFOnuro%253D&md5=f73ac34fe63f916ab48e39ab40957bc4

399

Ren, L. ; Nama, N. ; McNeill, J. M. ; Soto, F. ; Yan, Z. ; Liu, W. ; Wang, W. ; Wang, J. ; Mallouk, T. E. 3D steerable, Acoustically Powered Microswimmers for Single-Particle Manipulation. Sci. Adv. 2019, 5 , eaax3084 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax3084

400

Kagan, D. ; Benchimol, M. J. ; Claussen, J. C. ; Chuluun-Erdene, E. ; Esener, S. ; Wang, J. Acoustic Droplet Vaporization and Propulsion of Perfluorocarbon-Loaded Microbullets for Targeted Tissue Penetration and Deformation. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51 , 7519– 7522, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201902

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400

Acoustic Droplet Vaporization and Propulsion of Perfluorocarbon-Loaded Microbullets for Targeted Tissue Penetration and Deformation

Kagan, Daniel; Benchimol, Michael J.; Claussen, Jonathan C.; Chuluun-Erdene, Erdembileg; Esener, Sadik; Wang, Joseph

Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2012), 51 (30), 7519-7522, S7519/1-S7519/16CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

A highly efficient microscale propulsion technique is described which utilizes ultrasound to vaporize biocompatible fuel (such as perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions) bound within the interior of a micromachine for high-velocity, bullet-like propulsion. Such micro-nanomachine thrust is sufficient for deep tissue penetration and deformation. A 3-step fabrication strategy, including nanofabrication, cysteamine functionalization, and PFC emulsion binding, was used for prepg. ultrasound-triggered microbullets.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xos1altLo%253D&md5=8977e7663d9faa188b941054a648dd91

401

Rao, K. J. ; Li, F. ; Meng, L. ; Zheng, H. ; Cai, F. ; Wang, W. A Force to Be Reckoned with: A Review of Synthetic Microswimmers Powered by Ultrasound. Small 2015, 11 , 2836– 46, DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403621

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401

A Force to Be Reckoned With: A Review of Synthetic Microswimmers Powered by Ultrasound

Rao, K. Jagajjanani; Li, Fei; Meng, Long; Zheng, Hairong; Cai, Feiyan; Wang, Wei

Small (2015), 11 (24), 2836-2846CODEN: SMALBC; ISSN:1613-6810. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

A review. Synthetic microswimmers are a class of artificial nano- or microscale particle capable of converting external energy into motion. They are similar to natural microswimmers such as bacteria in behavior and are, therefore, of great interest to the study of active matter. Addnl., microswimmers show promise in applications ranging from bioanalytics and environmental monitoring to particle sepn. and drug delivery. However, since their sizes are on the nano-/microscale and their speeds are in the μm s-1 range, they fall into a low Reynolds no. regime where viscosity dominates. Therefore, new propulsion schemes are needed for these microswimmers to be able to efficiently move. Furthermore, many of the hotly pursued applications call for innovations in the next phase of development of biocompatible microswimmers. In this review, the latest developments of microswimmers powered by ultrasound are presented. Ultrasound, esp. at MHz frequencies, does little harm to biol. samples and provides an advantageous and well-controlled means to efficiently power microswimmers. By critically reviewing the recent progress in this research field, an introduction of how ultrasound propels colloidal particles into autonomous motion is presented, as well as how this propulsion can be used to achieve preliminary but promising applications.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXmtF2ktrw%253D&md5=6f647e639fd3a11ada357849dfcd35ac

402

Nelson, B. J. ; Kaliakatsos, I. K. ; Abbott, J. J. Microrobots for Minimally Invasive Medicine. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2010, 12 , 55– 85, DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-010510-103409

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402

Microrobots for minimally invasive medicine

Nelson, Bradley J.; Kaliakatsos, Ioannis K.; Abbott, Jake J.

Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering (2010), 12 (), 55-85CODEN: ARBEF7; ISSN:1523-9829. (Annual Reviews Inc.)

Microrobots have the potential to revolutionize many aspects of medicine. These untethered, wirelessly controlled and powered devices will make existing therapeutic and diagnostic procedures less invasive and will enable new procedures never before possible. The aim of this review is threefold: first, to provide a comprehensive survey of the technol. state of the art in medical microrobots; second, to explore the potential impact of medical microrobots and inspire future research in this field; and third, to provide a collection of valuable information and engineering tools for the design of medical microrobots.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhtFais77F&md5=9d2f70a5069e6082786f1f3c33fb0d1a

403

Kaynak, M. ; Ozcelik, A. ; Nourhani, A. ; Lammert, P. E. ; Crespi, V. H. ; Huang, T. J. Acoustic Actuation of Bioinspired Microswimmers. Lab Chip 2017, 17 , 395– 400, DOI: 10.1039/C6LC01272H

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403

Acoustic actuation of bioinspired microswimmers

Kaynak, Murat; Ozcelik, Adem; Nourhani, Amir; Lammert, Paul E.; Crespi, Vincent H.; Huang, Tony Jun

Lab on a Chip (2017), 17 (3), 395-400CODEN: LCAHAM; ISSN:1473-0189. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

Acoustic actuation of bioinspired microswimmers is exptl. demonstrated. Microswimmers are fabricated in situ in a microchannel. Upon acoustic excitation, the flagellum of the microswimmer oscillates, which in turn generates linear or rotary movement depending on the swimmer design. The speed of these bioinspired microswimmers is tuned by adjusting the voltage amplitude applied to the acoustic transducer. Simple microfabrication and remote actuation are promising for biomedical applications.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XitFSnt7fK&md5=cd18062b844ad192203ff2463b57430d

404

Garcia-Gradilla, V. ; Orozco, J. ; Sattayasamitsathit, S. ; Soto, F. ; Kuralay, F. ; Pourazary, A. ; Katzenberg, A. ; Gao, W. ; Shen, Y. ; Wang, J. Functionalized Ultrasound-Propelled Magnetically Guided Nanomotors: Toward Practical Biomedical Applications. ACS Nano 2013, 7 , 9232– 9240, DOI: 10.1021/nn403851v

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404

Functionalized Ultrasound-Propelled Magnetically Guided Nanomotors: Toward Practical Biomedical Applications

Garcia-Gradilla, Victor; Orozco, Jahir; Sattayasamitsathit, Sirilak; Soto, Fernando; Kuralay, Filiz; Pourazary, Ashley; Katzenberg, Adlai; Gao, Wei; Shen, Yufeng; Wang, Joseph

ACS Nano (2013), 7 (10), 9232-9240CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)

Magnetically guided ultrasound-powered nanowire motors, functionalized with bioreceptors and a drug-loaded polymeric segment, are described for "capture and transport" and drug-delivery processes. These high-performance fuel-free motors display advanced capabilities and functionalities, including magnetic guidance, coordinated aligned movement, cargo towing, capture and isolation of biol. targets, drug delivery, and operation in real-life biol. and environmental media. The template-prepd. three-segment Au-Ni-Au nanowire motors are propelled acoustically by mech. waves produced by a piezoelec. transducer. An embedded nickel segment facilitates a magnetically guided motion as well as transport of large "cargo" along predetd. trajectories. Substantial improvement in the speed and power is realized by the controlled concavity formation at the end of the motor nanowire using a sphere lithog. protocol. Functionalization of the Au segments with lectin and antiprotein A antibody bioreceptors allows capture and transport of E. coli and S. aureus bacteria, resp. Potential therapeutic applications are illustrated in connection to the addn. of a pH-sensitive drug-loaded polymeric (PPy-PSS) segment. The attractive capabilities of these fuel-free acoustically driven functionalized Au-Ni-Au nanowires, along with the simple prepn. procedure and minimal adverse effects of ultrasonic waves, make them highly attractive for diverse in vivo biomedical applications.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtlaitr3K&md5=a622c1aa7e6f529b2f55d73d6bb3f860

405

Garcia-Gradilla, V. ; Sattayasamitsathit, S. ; Soto, F. ; Kuralay, F. ; Yardimci, C. ; Wiitala, D. ; Galarnyk, M. ; Wang, J. Ultrasound-Propelled Nanoporous Gold Wire for Efficient Drug Loading and Release. Small 2014, 10 , 4154– 4159, DOI: 10.1002/smll.201401013

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405

Ultrasound-propelled nanoporous gold wire for efficient drug loading and release

Garcia-Gradilla, Victor; Sattayasamitsathit, Sirilak; Soto, Fernando; Kuralay, Filiz; Yardimci, Ceren; Wiitala, Devan; Galarnyk, Michael; Wang, Joseph

Small (2014), 10 (20), 4154-4159CODEN: SMALBC; ISSN:1613-6810. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

Ultrasound (US)-powered nanowire motors based on nanoporous gold segments have been developed for increasing the drug loading capacity. The new highly porous nanomotors are characterized with a tunable pore size, high surface area, and high capacity for the drug payload. These nanowire motors are prepd. by template membrane deposition of a silver-gold alloy segment followed by dealloying the silver component. The drug doxorubicin (DOX) is loaded within the nanopores via electrostatic interactions with an anionic polymeric coating. The nanoporous gold structure also facilitates the near-IR (NIR) light controlled release of the drug through photothermal effects. Ultrasound-driven transport of the loaded drug toward cancer cells followed by NIR-light triggered release is illustrated. The incorporation of the nanoporous gold segment leads to a nearly 20-fold increase in the active surface area compared to common gold nanowire motors. It is envisioned that such US-powered nanomotors could provide a new approach to rapidly and efficiently deliver large therapeutic payloads in a target-specific manner.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhtFWit7zN&md5=2b385fded910b88fa640ed6aa480248e

406

Nadal, F. ; Lauga, E. Asymmetric Steady Streaming As a Mechanism for Acoustic Propulsion of Rigid Bodies. Phys. Fluids 2014, 26 , 082001, DOI: 10.1063/1.4891446

[Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar

406

Asymmetric steady streaming as a mechanism for acoustic propulsion of rigid bodies

Nadal, Francois; Lauga, Eric

Physics of Fluids (2014), 26 (8), 082001/1-082001/28CODEN: PHFLE6; ISSN:1070-6631. (American Institute of Physics)

Recent expts. showed that standing acoustic waves could be exploited to induce self-propulsion of rigid metallic particles in the direction perpendicular to the acoustic wave. We propose in this paper a phys. mechanism for these observations based on the interplay between inertial forces in the fluid and the geometrical asymmetry of the particle shape. We consider an axisym. rigid near-sphere oscillating in a quiescent fluid along a direction perpendicular to its symmetry axis. The kinematics of oscillations can be either prescribed or can result dynamically from the presence of an external oscillating velocity field. Steady streaming in the fluid, the inertial rectification of the time-periodic oscillating flow, generates steady stresses on the particle which, in general, do not av. to zero, resulting in a finite propulsion speed along the axis of the symmetry of the particle and perpendicular to the oscillation direction. Our derivation of the propulsion speed is obtained at leading order in the Reynolds no. and the deviation of the shape from that of a sphere. The results of our model are consistent with the exptl. measurements, and more generally explains how time periodic forcing from an acoustic field can be harnessed to generate autonomous motion. (c) 2014 American Institute of Physics.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXht12nurbO&md5=feb525f1e200f3f97f1969db9707d83b

407

Wang, W. ; Li, S. ; Mair, L. ; Ahmed, S. ; Huang, T. J. ; Mallouk, T. E. Acoustic Propulsion of Nanorod Motors inside Living Cells. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53 , 3201– 3204, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309629

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407

Acoustic Propulsion of Nanorod Motors Inside Living Cells

Wang, Wei; Li, Sixing; Mair, Lamar; Ahmed, Suzanne; Huang, Tony Jun; Mallouk, Thomas E.

Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2014), 53 (12), 3201-3204CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

The ultrasonic propulsion of rod-shaped nanomotors inside living HeLa cells is demonstrated. These nanomotors (gold rods about 300 nm in diam. and about 3 μm long) attach strongly to the external surface of the cells, and are readily internalized by incubation with the cells for periods longer than 24 h. Once inside the cells, the nanorod motors can be activated by resonant ultrasound operating at 4 MHz, and show axial propulsion as well as spinning. The intracellular propulsion does not involve chem. fuels or high-power ultrasound and the HeLa cells remain viable. Ultrasonic propulsion of nanomotors may thus provide a new tool for probing the response of living cells to internal mech. excitation, for controllably manipulating intracellular organelles, and for biomedical applications.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXisFShs78%253D&md5=0c4f5cdc340a647a22bbcb0e5fe3a7ef

408

Wang, W. ; Duan, W. ; Zhang, Z. ; Sun, M. ; Sen, A. ; Mallouk, T. E. A Tale of Two Forces: Simultaneous Chemical and Acoustic Propulsion of Bimetallic Micromotors. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51 , 1020– 1023, DOI: 10.1039/C4CC09149C

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

408

A tale of two forces: simultaneous chemical and acoustic propulsion of bimetallic micromotors

Wang, Wei; Duan, Wentao; Zhang, Zexin; Sun, Mei; Sen, Ayusman; Mallouk, Thomas E.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, United Kingdom) (2015), 51 (6), 1020-1023CODEN: CHCOFS; ISSN:1359-7345. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

Bimetallic gold-ruthenium microrods are propelled in opposite directions in water by ultrasound and by catalytic decompn. of hydrogen peroxide. This property was used to effect reversible swarming, to stall and reverse autonomous axial propulsion, and to study the chem. powered movement of acoustically levitated microrods.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhvF2gsLnK&md5=a897b3261905de4a99a4e360591f0f11

409

Balk, A. L. ; Mair, L. O. ; Mathai, P. P. ; Patrone, P. N. ; Wang, W. ; Ahmed, S. ; Mallouk, T. E. ; Liddle, J. A. ; Stavis, S. M. Kilohertz Rotation of Nanorods Propelled by Ultrasound, Traced by Microvortex Advection of Nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2014, 8 , 8300– 8309, DOI: 10.1021/nn502753x

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

409

Kilohertz Rotation of Nanorods Propelled by Ultrasound, Traced by Microvortex Advection of Nanoparticles

Balk, Andrew L.; Mair, Lamar O.; Mathai, Pramod P.; Patrone, Paul N.; Wang, Wei; Ahmed, Suzanne; Mallouk, Thomas E.; Liddle, J. Alexander; Stavis, Samuel M.

ACS Nano (2014), 8 (8), 8300-8309CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)

The authors measure the microvortical flows around Au nanorods propelled by ultrasound in H2O using polystyrene nanoparticles as optical tracers. The authors infer the rotational frequencies of such nanomotors assuming a hydrodynamic model of this interaction. In this way, nanomotors rotate around their longitudinal axes at frequencies of up to ≈ 2.5 kHz, or ≈ 150,000 rpm, in the planar pressure node of a half-wavelength layered acoustic resonator driven at ≈ 3 MHz with an acoustic energy d. of <10 J m-3. The corresponding tangential speeds of up to ≈ 2.5 mm s-1 at a nanomotor radius of ≈ 160 nm are 2 orders of magnitude faster than the translational speeds of up to ≈ 20 μm s-1. Also rotation and translation are independent modes of motion within exptl. uncertainty. Study is an important step toward understanding the behavior and fulfilling the potential of this dynamic nanotechnol. for hydrodynamically interacting with biol. media, as well as other applications involving nanoscale transport, mixing, drilling, assembly, and rheol. Results also establish the fastest reported rotation of a nanomotor in aq. soln.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhtFKmsbfO&md5=b3848c5be56865f0d4d6ff51cfde7065

410

Ahmed, S. ; Gentekos, D. T. ; Fink, C. A. ; Mallouk, T. E. Self-Assembly of Nanorod Motors into Geometrically Regular Multimers and Their Propulsion by Ultrasound. ACS Nano 2014, 8 , 11053– 11060, DOI: 10.1021/nn5039614

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

410

Self-Assembly of Nanorod Motors into Geometrically Regular Multimers and Their Propulsion by Ultrasound

Ahmed, Suzanne; Gentekos, Dillon T.; Fink, Craig A.; Mallouk, Thomas E.

ACS Nano (2014), 8 (11), 11053-11060CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)

Segmented gold-ruthenium nanorods (300 ± 30 nm in diam. and 2.0 ± 0.2 μm in length) with thin Ni segments at one end assemble into few-particle, geometrically regular dimers, trimers, and higher multimers while levitated in water by ∼4 MHz ultrasound at the midpoint of a cylindrical acoustic cell. The assembly of the nanorods into multimers is controlled by interactions between the ferromagnetic Ni segments. These assemblies are propelled autonomously in fluids by excitation with ∼4 MHz ultrasound and exhibit several distinct modes of motion. Multimer assembly and disassembly are dynamic in the ultrasonic field. The relative nos. of monomers, dimers, trimers, and higher multimers are dependent upon the no. d. of particles in the fluid and their speed, which is in turn detd. by the ultrasonic power applied. The magnetic binding energy of the multimers estd. from their speed-dependent equil. is in agreement with the calcd. strength of the magnetic dipole interactions. These autonomously propelled multimers can also be steered with an external magnetic field and remain intact after removal from the acoustic chamber for SEM imaging.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhsF2nurfF&md5=3faf4c3c9d168f659d19a825de9da1c3

411

Ahmed, D. ; Lu, M. ; Nourhani, A. ; Lammert, P. E. ; Stratton, Z. ; Muddana, H. S. ; Crespi, V. H. ; Huang, T. J. Selectively Manipulable Acoustic-Powered Microswimmers. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5 , 9744, DOI: 10.1038/srep09744

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411

Selectively manipulable acoustic-powered microswimmers

Ahmed Daniel; Lu Mengqian; Stratton Zak; Nourhani Amir; Lammert Paul E; Muddana Hari S; Crespi Vincent H; Huang Tony Jun

Scientific reports (2015), 5 (), 9744 ISSN:.

Selective actuation of a single microswimmer from within a diverse group would be a first step toward collaborative guided action by a group of swimmers. Here we describe a new class of microswimmer that accomplishes this goal. Our swimmer design overcomes the commonly-held design paradigm that microswimmers must use non-reciprocal motion to achieve propulsion; instead, the swimmer is propelled by oscillatory motion of an air bubble trapped within the swimmer's polymer body. This oscillatory motion is driven by the application of a low-power acoustic field, which is biocompatible with biological samples and with the ambient liquid. This acoustically-powered microswimmer accomplishes controllable and rapid translational and rotational motion, even in highly viscous liquids (with viscosity 6,000 times higher than that of water). And by using a group of swimmers each with a unique bubble size (and resulting unique resonance frequencies), selective actuation of a single swimmer from among the group can be readily achieved.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2MflvVOltw%253D%253D&md5=4a21c219c643b24bf75bf070ff64f93d

412

Louf, J.-F. ; Bertin, N. ; Dollet, B. ; Stephan, O. ; Marmottant, P. Hovering Microswimmers Exhibit Ultrafast Motion to Navigate under Acoustic Forces. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 5 , 1800425, DOI: 10.1002/admi.201800425

413

Feng, J. ; Yuan, J. ; Cho, S. K. Micropropulsion by an Acoustic Bubble for Navigating Microfluidic Spaces. Lab Chip 2015, 15 , 1554– 1562, DOI: 10.1039/C4LC01266F

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

413

Micropropulsion by an acoustic bubble for navigating microfluidic spaces

Feng, Jian; Yuan, Junqi; Cho, Sung Kwon

Lab on a Chip (2015), 15 (6), 1554-1562CODEN: LCAHAM; ISSN:1473-0189. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

This paper describes an underwater micropropulsion principle where a gaseous bubble trapped in a suspended microchannel and oscillated by external acoustic excitation generates a propelling force. The propelling swimmer is designed and microfabricated from parylene on the microscale (the equiv. diam. of the cylindrical bubble is around 60 μm) using microphotolithog. The propulsion mechanism is studied and verified by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations as well as expts. The acoustically excited and thus periodically oscillating bubble generates alternating flows of intake and discharge through an opening of the microchannel. As the Reynolds no. of oscillating flow increases, the difference between the intake and discharge flows becomes significant enough to generate a net flow (microstreaming flow) and a propulsion force against the channel. As the size of the device is reduced, however, the Reynolds no. is also reduced. To maintain the Reynolds no. in a certain range and thus generate a strong propulsion force in the fabricated device, the oscillation amplitude of the bubble is maximized (resonated) and the oscillation frequency is set high (over 10 kHz). Propelling motions by a single bubble as well as an array of bubbles are achieved on the microscale. In addn., the microswimmer demonstrates payload carrying. This propulsion mechanism may be applied to microswimmers that navigate microfluidic environments and possibly narrow passages in human bodies to perform biosensing, drug delivery, imaging, and microsurgery.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhsVGgu7w%253D&md5=55cb1ea3e4b284acb9ffd1f5b26adf50

414

Aghakhani, A. ; Yasa, O. ; Wrede, P. ; Sitti, M. Acoustically Powered Surface-Slipping Mobile Microrobots. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2020, 117 , 3469– 3477, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920099117

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414

Acoustically powered surface-slipping mobile microrobots

Aghakhani, Amirreza; Yasa, Oncay; Wrede, Paul; Sitti, Metin

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2020), 117 (7), 3469-3477CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)

Untethered synthetic microrobots have significant potential to revolutionize minimally invasive medical interventions in the future. However, their relatively slow speed and low controllability near surfaces typically are some of the barriers standing in the way of their medical applications. Here, we introduce acoustically powered microrobots with a fast, unidirectional surface-slipping locomotion on both flat and curved surfaces. The proposed three-dimensionally printed, bullet-shaped microrobot contains a spherical air bubble trapped inside its internal body cavity, where the bubble is resonated using acoustic waves. The net fluidic flow due to the bubble oscillation orients the microrobot's axisym. axis perpendicular to the wall and then propels it laterally at very high speeds (up to 90 body lengths per s with a body length of 25μm) while inducing an attractive force toward the wall. To achieve unidirectional locomotion, a small fin is added to the microrobot's cylindrical body surface, which biases the propulsion direction. For motion direction control, the microrobots are coated anisotropically with a soft magnetic nanofilm layer, allowing steering under a uniform magnetic field. Finally, surface locomotion capability of the microrobots is demonstrated inside a three-dimensional circular cross-sectional microchannel under acoustic actuation. Overall, the combination of acoustic powering and magnetic steering can be effectively utilized to actuate and navigate these microrobots in confined and hard-to-reach body location areas in a minimally invasive fashion.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXjsFyhuro%253D&md5=6c3289c4055baa9374515fc93ce9f65f

415

Dijkink, R. J. ; Dennen, J. P. v. d. ; Ohl, C. D. ; Prosperetti, A. The 'Acoustic Scallop': A Bubble-Powered Actuator. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2006, 16 , 1653– 1659, DOI: 10.1088/0960-1317/16/8/029

416

Qiu, T. ; Palagi, S. ; Mark, A. G. ; Melde, K. ; Adams, F. ; Fischer, P. Wireless Actuation with Functional Acoustic Surfaces. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2016, 109 , 191602, DOI: 10.1063/1.4967194

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416

Wireless actuation with functional acoustic surfaces

Qiu, T.; Palagi, S.; Mark, A. G.; Melde, K.; Adams, F.; Fischer, P.

Applied Physics Letters (2016), 109 (19), 191602/1-191602/4CODEN: APPLAB; ISSN:0003-6951. (American Institute of Physics)

Miniaturization calls for micro-actuators that can be powered wirelessly and addressed individually. We developed functional surfaces consisting of arrays of acoustically resonant micro-cavities, and we demonstrate their application as 2-dimensional wireless actuators. When remotely powered by an acoustic field, the surfaces provide highly directional propulsive forces in fluids through acoustic streaming. A maximal force of ∼0.45 mN is measured on a 4 × 4 mm2 functional surface. The response of the surfaces with bubbles of different sizes is characterized exptl. This shows a marked peak around the micro-bubbles' resonance frequency, as estd. by both an anal. model and numerical simulations. The strong frequency dependence can be exploited to address different surfaces with different acoustic frequencies, thus achieving wireless actuation with multiple degrees of freedom. The use of the functional surfaces as wireless ready-to-attach actuators is demonstrated by implementing a wireless and bidirectional miniaturized rotary motor, which is 2.6 × 2.6 × 5 mm3 in size and generates a stall torque of ∼0.5 mN·mm. The adoption of micro-structured surfaces as wireless actuators opens new possibilities in the development of miniaturized devices and tools for fluidic environments that are accessible by low intensity ultrasound fields. (c) 2016 American Institute of Physics.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhvVahsb7O&md5=bac34e9fd661c7f10a421f4c3055ef17

417

Qiu, T. ; Palagi, S. ; Mark, A. G. ; Melde, K. ; Adams, F. ; Fischer, P. Active Acoustic Surfaces Enable the Propulsion of a Wireless Robot. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 4 , 1700933, DOI: 10.1002/admi.201700933

418

Ahmed, D. ; Dillinger, C. ; Hong, A. ; Nelson, B. J. Artificial Acousto-Magnetic Soft Microswimmers. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2017, 2 , 1700050, DOI: 10.1002/admt.201700050

419

McNeill, J. M. ; Nama, N. ; Braxton, J. M. ; Mallouk, T. E. Wafer-Scale Fabrication of Micro- to Nanoscale Bubble Swimmers and Their Fast Autonomous Propulsion by Ultrasound. ACS Nano 2020, 14 , 7520– 7528, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03311

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

419

Wafer-Scale Fabrication of Micro- to Nanoscale Bubble Swimmers and Their Fast Autonomous Propulsion by Ultrasound

McNeill, Jeffrey M.; Nama, Nitesh; Braxton, Jesse M.; Mallouk, Thomas E.

ACS Nano (2020), 14 (6), 7520-7528CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)

Fuel-free, biocompatible swimmers with dimensions smaller than one micrometer have the potential to revolutionize the way we study and manipulate microscopic systems. Sub-micrometer, metallic Janus particles can be propelled rapidly and autonomously by acoustically induced fluid streaming, but their operation at acoustic pressure nodes limits their utility. In contrast, bubble-based microswimmers have an "on board" resonant cavity that enables them to operate far from the source of acoustic power. So far, they have been fabricated by direct writing techniques that limit both their min. dimensions and the no. that can be produced. Consequently, the size scaling of the properties of bubble swimmers has not been explored exptl. Addnl., 3D autonomous motion has not yet been demonstrated for this type of swimmer. We describe here a method for fabricating bubble swimmers in large nos. (>109) with sizes ranging from 5μm to 500 nm without direct writing or photolithog. tools. These swimmers follow a previously proposed scaling theory and reveal useful phenomena that enable their propulsion in different modes in the same expt.: with magnetic steering, autonomously in 3D, and in frequency-specific autonomous modes. These interesting behaviors are relevant to possible applications of autonomously moving micro- and nanorobots.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXpslymtLw%253D&md5=ce4b362a2fc7701fd23be5c81ce0f9f0

420

Mettin, R. ; Luther, S. ; Ohl, C. D. ; Lauterborn, W. Acoustic Cavitation Structures and Simulations by a Particle Model. Ultrason. Sonochem. 1999, 6 , 25– 29, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4177(98)00025-X

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420

Acoustic cavitation structures and simulations by a particle model

Mettin R; Luther S; Ohl C D; Lauterborn W

Ultrasonics sonochemistry (1999), 6 (1-2), 25-9 ISSN:1350-4177.

Cavitation bubbles in acoustic resonators are observed to arrange in branch-like patterns. We give a brief review of the anatomy of such structures and outline an approach for simulation by individual, moving bubbles. This particle model can reproduce an experimentally observed transition between different structure types in a rectangular resonator cell.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD3M3gsFOqug%253D%253D&md5=dbe8bb851962080a62d4a0add3ea6e3c

421

Lazarus, C. ; Pouliopoulos, A. N. ; Tinguely, M. ; Garbin, V. ; Choi, J. J. Clustering Dynamics of Microbubbles Exposed to Low-Pressure 1-MHz Ultrasound. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2017, 142 , 3135– 3146, DOI: 10.1121/1.5010170

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

421

Clustering dynamics of microbubbles exposed to low-pressure 1-MHz ultrasound

Lazarus, Carole; Pouliopoulos, Antonios N.; Tinguely, Marc; Garbin, Valeria; Choi, James J.

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (2017), 142 (5), 3135/1-3135/12CODEN: JASMAN; ISSN:0001-4966. (Acoustical Society of America)

Ultrasound-driven microbubbles have been used in therapeutic applications to deliver drugs across capillaries and into cells or to dissolve blood clots. Yet the performance and safety of these applications have been difficult to control. Microbubbles exposed to ultrasound not only volumetrically oscillate, but also move due to acoustic radiation, or Bjerknes, forces. The purpose of this work was to understand the extent to which microbubbles moved and clustered due to secondary Bjerknes forces. A microbubble population was exposed to a 1-MHz ultrasound pulse with a peak-rarefactional pressure of 50-100 kPa and a pulse length of 20 ms. Microbubbles exposed to low-pressure therapeutic ultrasound were obsd. to cluster at clustering rates of 0.01-0.02 microbubbles per duration (in ms) per initial av. inter-bubble distance (in μm), resulting in 1 to 3 clustered microbubbles per initial av. inter-bubble distance (in μm). Higher pressures caused faster clustering rates and a larger no. of clustered microbubbles. Exptl. data revealed clustering time scales, cluster localizations, and cluster sizes that were in reasonable agreement with simulations using a time-averaged model at low pressures. This study demonstrates that clustering of microbubbles occurs within a few milliseconds and is likely to influence the distribution of stimuli produced in therapeutic applications.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXlslWms7g%253D&md5=20c3675854ec8bdd457d0d82f7a61fcf

422

Ahmed, D. ; Sukhov, A. ; Hauri, D. ; Rodrigue, D. ; Maranta, G. ; Harting, J. ; Nelson, B. J. Bioinspired Acousto-Magnetic Microswarm Robots with Upstream Motility. Nat. Mach. Intell. 2021, 3 , 116– 124, DOI: 10.1038/s42256-020-00275-x

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422

Bio-inspired Acousto-magnetic Microswarm Robots with Upstream Motility

Ahmed Daniel; Hauri David; Rodrigue Dubon; Gian Maranta; Nelson Bradley; Sukhov Alexander; Harting Jens

Nature machine intelligence (2021), 3 (2), 116-124 ISSN:2522-5839.

The ability to propel against flows, i.e., to perform positive rheotaxis, can provide exciting opportunities for applications in targeted therapeutics and non-invasive surgery. To date, no biocompatible technologies exist for navigating microparticles upstream when they are in a background fluid flow. Inspired by many naturally- occurring microswimmers such as bacteria, spermatozoa, and plankton that utilize the non-slip boundary conditions of the wall to exhibit upstream propulsion, here, we report on the design and characterization of self-assembled microswarms that can execute upstream motility in a combination of external acoustic and magnetic fields. Both acoustic and magnetic fields are safe to humans, non-invasive, can penetrate deeply into the human body, and are well-developed in clinical settings. The combination of both fields can overcome the limitations encountered by single actuation methods. The design criteria of the acoustically-induced reaction force of the microswarms, which is needed to perform rolling-type motion, are discussed. We show quantitative agreement between experimental data and our model that captures the rolling behaviour. The upstream capability provides a design strategy for delivering small drug molecules to hard-to-reach sites and represents a fundamental step toward the realization of micro- and nanosystem-navigation against the blood flow.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB2czht1Kktg%253D%253D&md5=f13e336b41ecf1fe45a2b85d5d6adf4f

423

Zhou, D. ; Gao, Y. ; Yang, J. ; Li, Y. C. ; Shao, G. ; Zhang, G. ; Li, T. ; Li, L. Light-Ultrasound Driven Collective "Firework" Behavior of Nanomotors. Adv. Sci. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2018, 5 , 1800122, DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800122

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423

Light-Ultrasound Driven Collective "Firework" Behavior of Nanomotors

Zhou Dekai; Gao Yuan; Shao Guangbin; Li Tianlong; Li Longqiu; Zhou Dekai; Gao Yuan; Yang Junjie; Shao Guangbin; Zhang Guangyu; Li Tianlong; Li Longqiu; Zhou Dekai; Li Yuguang C

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) (2018), 5 (7), 1800122 ISSN:2198-3844.

It is of great interest and big challenge to control the collective behaviors of nanomotors to mimic the aggregation/separation behavior of biological systems. Here, a light-acoustic combined method is proposed to control the aggregation/separation of artificial nanomotors. It is shown that nanomotors aggregate at the pressure node in acoustic field and afterward present a collective "firework" separation behavior induced by light irradiation. The collective behavior is found to be applicable for metallic materials and polymers even different light wavelengths are used. Physical insights on the collective firework behavior resulting from the change of acoustic streaming caused by optical force are provided. It is found that diffusion velocity and diffusion region of cluster can be controlled by adjusting light intensity and acoustic excitation voltage, and irradiation direction, respectively. This harmless, controllable, and widely applicable method provides new possibilities for groups of nanomachines, drug release, and cargo transport in nanomedicine and nanosensors.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3c7gtVKrug%253D%253D&md5=75fd963b16d5cdc4740917e3a25c6e4e

424

Xu, T. ; Soto, F. ; Gao, W. ; Dong, R. ; Garcia-Gradilla, V. ; Magana, E. ; Zhang, X. ; Wang, J. Reversible Swarming and Separation of Self-Propelled Chemically Powered Nanomotors under Acoustic Fields. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137 , 2163– 6, DOI: 10.1021/ja511012v

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

424

Reversible Swarming and Separation of Self-Propelled Chemically Powered Nanomotors under Acoustic Fields

Xu, Tailin; Soto, Fernando; Gao, Wei; Dong, Renfeng; Garcia-Gradilla, Victor; Magana, Ernesto; Zhang, Xueji; Wang, Joseph

Journal of the American Chemical Society (2015), 137 (6), 2163-2166CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)

The collective behavior of biol. systems has inspired efforts toward the controlled assembly of synthetic nanomotors. Here we demonstrate the use of acoustic fields to induce reversible assembly of catalytic nanomotors, controlled swarm movement, and sepn. of different nanomotors. The swarming mechanism relies on the interaction between individual nanomotors and the acoustic field, which triggers rapid migration and assembly around the nearest pressure node. Such on-demand assembly of catalytic nanomotors is extremely fast and reversible. Controlled movement of the resulting swarm is illustrated by changing the frequency of the acoustic field. Efficient sepn. of different types of nanomotors, which assemble in distinct swarming regions, is illustrated. The ability of acoustic fields to regulate the collective behavior of catalytic nanomotors holds considerable promise for a wide range of practical applications.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhvVeitrs%253D&md5=584f0e3cda180b880f08c6314a77c08b

425

Xu, N. ; Song, Z. ; Guo, M.-Z. ; Jiang, L. ; Chu, H. ; Pei, C. ; Yu, P. ; Liu, Q. ; Li, Z. Employing Ultrasonic Wave As a Novel Trigger of Microcapsule Self-Healing Cementitious Materials. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2021, 118 , 103951, DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.103951

[Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar

425

Employing ultrasonic wave as a novel trigger of microcapsule self-healing cementitious materials

Xu, Na; Song, Zijian; Guo, Ming-Zhi; Jiang, Linhua; Chu, Hongqiang; Pei, Chun; Yu, Peipei; Liu, Qingyang; Li, Ziming

Cement & Concrete Composites (2021), 118 (), 103951CODEN: CCOCEG; ISSN:0958-9465. (Elsevier Ltd.)

Microcapsule-mediated self-repair of concrete represents an attractive method to improve the durability of concrete. However, it is quite challenging to timely and controllably trigger the microcapsule self-healing materials with the onset of cracks. This study attempts to employ ultrasonic wave as a cost-effective, artificially-controlled, high-efficient and environmentally-friendly trigger to orchestrate microcapsule-induced self-healing activities in concrete. A traditional microcapsule (i.e., the UF/E microcapsule) was synthesized and characterized to study the feasibility and effectiveness of the ultrasonic wave trigger. Cement mortars with and without microcapsules were prepd. for ultrasonic/mech. triggering tests, and the strength repair rates were analyzed. Stereomicroscope and SEM were used to observe the morphologies of the microcapsules in mortars before and after ultrasonic triggering. In addn., MIP was used to analyze the pore structures of mortars subjected to different ultrasonic trigger times. The results showed that the obtained microcapsules (with a particle size range of 100μm-300μm) were uniformly distributed in the mortar samples. The enhancement of strength repair rates of mortars triggered by ultrasonic were 2-4 times higher than mech.-triggered ones. The morphol. observations also illustrated that ultrasonic wave delivered a better triggering effect on the microcapsules. It was also found that the optimal ultrasonic time was 10 min under the conditions used in this study (40 kHz and 0.2 w/cm2). Findings from this study demonstrated that ultrasonic wave induced triggering of microcapsules was easily-controllable and cost-effective. Thus, this novel trigger method holds great potential for promoting the application of microcapsules technologies in cementitious materials.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXjtVGit7c%253D&md5=5d8d604273c4fa371c7b992d52f88abe

426

Yao, T. ; Yu, S. ; Liu, Y. ; Yuan, B. In Vivo Ultrasound-Switchable Fluorescence Imaging. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9 , 9855, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46298-2

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

426

In vivo ultrasound-switchable fluorescence imaging

Yao Tingfeng; Yu Shuai; Liu Yang; Yuan Baohong; Yao Tingfeng; Yu Shuai; Liu Yang; Yuan Baohong

Scientific reports (2019), 9 (1), 9855 ISSN:.

The conventional fluorescence imaging has limited spatial resolution in centimeter-deep tissue because of the tissue's high scattering property. Ultrasound-switchable fluorescence (USF) imaging, a new imaging technique, was recently proposed to realize high-resolution fluorescence imaging in centimeter-deep tissue. However, in vivo USF imaging has not been achieved so far because of the lack of stable near-infrared contrast agents in a biological environment and the lack of data about their biodistributions. In this study, for the first time, we achieved in vivo USF imaging successfully in mice with high resolution. USF imaging in porcine heart tissue and mouse breast tumor via local injections were studied and demonstrated. In vivo and ex vivo USF imaging of the mouse spleen via intravenous injections was also successfully achieved. The results showed that the USF contrast agent adopted in this study was very stable in a biological environment, and it was mainly accumulated into the spleen of the mice. By comparing the results of CT imaging and the results of USF imaging, the accuracy of USF imaging was proved.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3MzltlGhug%253D%253D&md5=db55d018ed687e14a82ce3691f588bc9

427

Yu, S. ; Yao, T. ; Liu, Y. ; Yuan, B. In Vivo Ultrasound-Switchable Fluorescence Imaging Using a Camera-Based System. Biomed. Opt. Express 2020, 11 , 1517– 1538, DOI: 10.1364/BOE.385996

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

427

In vivo ultrasound-switchable fluorescence imaging using a camera-based system

Yu, Shuai; Yao, Tingfeng; Liu, Yang; Yuan, Baohong

Biomedical Optics Express (2020), 11 (3), 1517-1538CODEN: BOEICL; ISSN:2156-7085. (Optical Society of America)

Ultrasound-switchable fluorescence (USF) is a novel imaging technique that provides high spatial resoln. fluorescence images in centimeter-deep biol. tissue. Recently, we successfully demonstrated the feasibility of in vivo USF imaging using a frequency-domain photomultiplier tube-based system. In this work, for the first time we carried out in vivo USF imaging via a camera-based USF imaging system. The system acquires a USF signal on a two-dimensional (2D) plane, which facilitates the image acquisition because the USF scanning area can be planned based on the 2D image and provides high USF photon collection efficiency. We demonstrated in vivo USF imaging in the mouse's glioblastoma tumor with multiple targets via local injection. In addn., we designed the USF contrast agents with different particle sizes (70 nm and 330 nm) so that they could bio-distribute to various organs (spleen, liver, and kidney) via i.v. (IV) injections. The results showed that the contrast agents retained stable USF properties in tumors and some organs (spleen and liver). We successfully achieved in vivo USF imaging of the mouse's spleen and liver via IV injections. The USF imaging results were compared with the images acquired from a com. X-ray micro computed tomog. (micro-CT) system.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXitFSqu7zI&md5=f774f90b5dce6dcf5e7f4f44695ecf06

428

Zimny, K. ; Merlin, A. ; Ba, A. ; Aristégui, C. ; Brunet, T. ; Mondain-Monval, O. Soft Porous Silicone Rubbers As Key Elements for the Realization of Acoustic Metamaterials. Langmuir 2015, 31 , 3215– 3221, DOI: 10.1021/la504720f

[ACS Full Text ], [CAS], Google Scholar

428

Soft Porous Silicone Rubbers as Key Elements for the Realization of Acoustic Metamaterials

Zimny, Kevin; Merlin, Aurore; Ba, Abdoulaye; Aristegui, Christophe; Brunet, Thomas; Mondain-Monval, Olivier

Langmuir (2015), 31 (10), 3215-3221CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American Chemical Society)

In this work, macroporous materials made of polydimethylsiloxane, a soft silicone rubber, are prepd. using UV polymn. with an emulsion-templating procedure. The porosity of the final materials can be precisely controlled by adjusting the vol. of the dispersed phase. We show that the porous structure of the materials is the template of the droplets of the initial emulsions. Mech. tests show that the materials Young's moduli decrease with the porosity of the materials. Acoustic measurements indicate that, in such a porous elastomeric matrix, the sound speed also decreases dramatically as soon as the porosity increases to attain values of as low as 80 m/s. The results are compared to earlier ones on silica aerogels and are interpreted within the framework of a simple theor. approach. We show that the very low sound speed value is a consequence of the low value of the polymer shear modulus. This explains why such porous soft silicone rubbers are so efficient at playing the role of slow-soft resonators in acoustic metamaterials. Moreover, the fast rate of polymn. of such UV-curable fluid allows for a facile shaping of the final material as beads or rods in microfluidic devices.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXislSgsLs%253D&md5=f56f43130253f9ae88e83edc00eb36e4

429

Fang, N. ; Xi, D. ; Xu, J. ; Ambati, M. ; Srituravanich, W. ; Sun, C. ; Zhang, X. Ultrasonic Metamaterials with Negative Modulus. Nat. Mater. 2006, 5 , 452– 456, DOI: 10.1038/nmat1644

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429

Ultrasonic metamaterials with negative modulus

Fang, Nicholas; Xi, Dongjuan; Xu, Jianyi; Ambati, Muralidhar; Srituravanich, Werayut; Sun, Cheng; Zhang, Xiang

Nature Materials (2006), 5 (6), 452-456CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122. (Nature Publishing Group)

The emergence of artificially designed subwavelength electromagnetic materials, denoted metamaterials, has significantly broadened the range of material responses found in nature. However, the acoustic analog to electromagnetic metamaterials has, so far, not been studied. The authors report a new class of ultrasonic metamaterials consisting of an array of subwavelength Helmholtz resonators with designed acoustic inductance and capacitance. These materials have an effective dynamic modulus with neg. values near the resonance frequency. As a result, these ultrasonic metamaterials can convey acoustic waves with a group velocity antiparallel to phase velocity, as obsd. exptl. From homogenized-media theory, the authors calcd. the dispersion and transmission, which agrees well with expts. near 30 kHz. As the neg. dynamic modulus leads to a richness of surface states with very large wavevectors, this new class of acoustic metamaterials may offer interesting applications, such as acoustic neg. refraction and superlensing below the diffraction limit.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XltFWrs7o%253D&md5=9b5b3f7a08202d4a6e527eddb6cd306c

430

Cummer, S. A. ; Christensen, J. ; Alù, A. Controlling Sound with Acoustic Metamaterials. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2016, 1 , 16001, DOI: 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.1

431

Carter, T.; Seah, S. A.; Long, B.; Drinkwater, B.; Subramanian, S. UltraHaptics: Multi-Point Mid-Air Haptic Feedback for Touch Surfaces. Proceedings of the 26th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology; ACM: New York, NY, 2013; pp 505– 514.

432

Miskin, M. Z. ; Cortese, A. J. ; Dorsey, K. ; Esposito, E. P. ; Reynolds, M. F. ; Liu, Q. ; Cao, M. ; Muller, D. A. ; McEuen, P. L. ; Cohen, I. Electronically Integrated, Mass-Manufactured, Microscopic Robots. Nature 2020, 584 , 557– 561, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2626-9

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

432

Electronically integrated, mass-manufactured, microscopic robots

Miskin, Marc Z.; Cortese, Alejandro J.; Dorsey, Kyle; Esposito, Edward P.; Reynolds, Michael F.; Liu, Qingkun; Cao, Michael; Muller, David A.; McEuen, Paul L.; Cohen, Itai

Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2020), 584 (7822), 557-561CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Research)

Abstr.: Fifty years of Moore's law scaling in microelectronics have brought remarkable opportunities for the rapidly evolving field of microscopic robotics1-5. Electronic, magnetic and optical systems now offer an unprecedented combination of complexity, small size and low cost6,7, and could be readily appropriated for robots that are smaller than the resoln. limit of human vision (less than a hundred micrometres)8-11. However, a major roadblock exists: there is no micrometre-scale actuator system that seamlessly integrates with semiconductor processing and responds to std. electronic control signals. Here we overcome this barrier by developing a new class of voltage-controllable electrochem. actuators that operate at low voltages (200μV), low power (10 nW) and are completely compatible with silicon processing. To demonstrate their potential, we develop lithog. fabrication-and-release protocols to prototype sub-hundred-micrometre walking robots. Every step in this process is performed in parallel, allowing us to produce over one million robots per four-inch wafer. These results are an important advance towards mass-manufd., silicon-based, functional robots that are too small to be resolved by the naked eye.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhs12jt7fI&md5=b0689d7acdfeca97640a1ddfd081a6ee

433

Errico, C. ; Pierre, J. ; Pezet, S. ; Desailly, Y. ; Lenkei, Z. ; Couture, O. ; Tanter, M. Ultrafast Ultrasound Localization Microscopy for Deep Super-Resolution Vascular Imaging. Nature 2015, 527 , 499– 502, DOI: 10.1038/nature16066

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

433

Ultrafast ultrasound localization microscopy for deep super-resolution vascular imaging

Errico, Claudia; Pierre, Juliette; Pezet, Sophie; Desailly, Yann; Lenkei, Zsolt; Couture, Olivier; Tanter, Mickael

Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2015), 527 (7579), 499-502CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)

Non-invasive imaging deep into organs at microscopic scales remains an open quest in biomedical imaging. Although optical microscopy is still limited to surface imaging owing to optical wave diffusion and fast decorrelation in tissue, revolutionary approaches such as fluorescence photo-activated localization microscopy led to a striking increase in resoln. by more than an order of magnitude in the last decade. In contrast with optics, ultrasonic waves propagate deep into organs without losing their coherence and are much less affected by in vivo decorrelation processes. However, their resoln. is impeded by the fundamental limits of diffraction, which impose a long-standing trade-off between resoln. and penetration. This limits clin. and preclin. ultrasound imaging to a sub-millimeter scale. Here we demonstrate in vivo that ultrasound imaging at ultrafast frame rates (more than 500 frames per s) provides an analog to optical localization microscopy by capturing the transient signal decorrelation of contrast agents-inert gas microbubbles. Ultrafast ultrasound localization microscopy allowed both non-invasive sub-wavelength structural imaging and hemodynamic quantification of rodent cerebral microvessels (less than ten micrometers in diam.) more than ten millimeters below the tissue surface, leading to transcranial whole-brain imaging within short acquisition times (tens of seconds). After i.v. injection, single echoes from individual microbubbles were detected through ultrafast imaging. Their localization, not limited by diffraction, was accumulated over 75,000 images, yielding 1,000,000 events per coronal plane and statistically independent pixels of ten micrometers in size. Precise temporal tracking of microbubble positions allowed us to ext. accurately in-plane velocities of the blood flow with a large dynamic range (from one millimeter per s to several centimeters per s). These results pave the way for deep non-invasive microscopy in animals and humans using ultrasound. We anticipate that ultrafast ultrasound localization microscopy may become an invaluable tool for the fundamental understanding and diagnostics of various disease processes that modify the microvascular blood flow, such as cancer, stroke and arteriosclerosis.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhvFagtbbO&md5=e08b2be7be95067d22a05eebf4ac28a1

434

Vinatoru, M. ; Mason, T. J. Can Sonochemistry Take Place in the Absence of Cavitation? – A Complementary View of How Ultrasound Can Interact with Materials. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2019, 52 , 2– 5, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.07.036

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

434

Can sonochemistry take place in the absence of cavitation? - A complementary view of how ultrasound can interact with materials

Vinatoru, Mircea; Mason, Timothy J.

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry (2019), 52 (), 2-5CODEN: ULSOER; ISSN:1350-4177. (Elsevier B.V.)

A hypothesis is advanced for a mechanism by which ultrasound could help to activate chem. reactions, even in the absence of cavitation. It is suggested that the compression phase of an acoustic wave could produce transient solid-like structures within the soln. These structures would result in an "ordering effect" of the mols. in which elec. charges could develop. Such elec. charges could facilitate electron movement from one mol. to another triggering therefore chem. reactions. Such reactions could occur even in the absence of cavitation esp. if the solvent or reagents employed show piezoelec./electrostriction properties. Similar transient ordering effects could be induced by the shockwave accompanying bubble collapse and these would help to explain some of the anomalous effects obsd. in sonochem. under cavitation.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXht1alu7w%253D&md5=a0a06dcdab73e20d149a3f56ba5a089f

435

Kulkarni, K. ; Friend, J. ; Yeo, L. ; Perlmutter, P. An Emerging Reactor Technology for Chemical Synthesis: Surface Acoustic Wave-Assisted Closed-Vessel Suzuki Coupling Reactions. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2014, 21 , 1305– 1309, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.02.020

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

435

An emerging reactor technology for chemical synthesis: surface acoustic wave-assisted closed-vessel Suzuki coupling reactions

Kulkarni, Ketav; Friend, James; Yeo, Leslie; Perlmutter, Patrick

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry (2014), 21 (4), 1305-1309CODEN: ULSOER; ISSN:1350-4177. (Elsevier B.V.)

The use of an energy-efficient surface acoustic wave (SAW) device for driving closed-vessel SAW-assisted (CVSAW), ligand-free Suzuki couplings in aq. media is demonstrated. The reactions were carried out on a molar scale with low to ultra-low catalyst loadings. The reactions were driven by heating resulting from the penetration of acoustic energy derived from RF Raleigh waves generated by a piezoelec. chip via a renewable fluid coupling layer. The yields were uniformly high and the reactions could be executed in water without ligand. In terms of energy d. this new technol. was detd. to be roughly as efficient as microwaves and superior to ultrasound.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXktlGjsrs%253D&md5=58b7216bf89fdb06dc5da8deb6c2241c

436

Hwang, I. ; Mukhopadhyay, R. D. ; Dhasaiyan, P. ; Choi, S. ; Kim, S.-Y. ; Ko, Y. H. ; Baek, K. ; Kim, K. Audible Sound-Controlled Spatiotemporal Patterns in Out-of-Equilibrium Systems. Nat. Chem. 2020, 12 , 808– 813, DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0516-2

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

436

Audible sound-controlled spatiotemporal patterns in out-of-equilibrium systems

Hwang, Ilha; Mukhopadhyay, Rahul Dev; Dhasaiyan, Prabhu; Choi, Seoyeon; Kim, Soo-Young; Ko, Young Ho; Baek, Kangkyun; Kim, Kimoon

Nature Chemistry (2020), 12 (9), 808-813CODEN: NCAHBB; ISSN:1755-4330. (Nature Research)

Naturally occurring spatiotemporal patterns typically have a predictable pattern design and are reproducible over several cycles. However, the patterns obtained from artificially designed out-of-equil. chem. oscillating networks (such as the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction for example) are unpredictable and difficult to control spatiotemporally, albeit reproducible over subsequent cycles. Here, we show that it is possible to generate reproducible spatiotemporal patterns in out-of-equil. chem. reactions and self-assembling systems in water in the presence of sound waves, which act as a guiding phys. stimulus. Audible sound-induced liq. vibrations control the dissoln. of atm. gases (such as O2 and CO2) in water to generate spatiotemporal chem. patterns in the bulk of the fluid, segregating the soln. into spatiotemporal domains having different redox properties or pH values. It further helps us in the organization of transiently formed supramol. aggregates in a predictable spatiotemporal manner.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhs1OisbnI&md5=be38a64d49492b00646deb37751669ef

437

Shnaiderman, R. ; Wissmeyer, G. ; Ülgen, O. ; Mustafa, Q. ; Chmyrov, A. ; Ntziachristos, V. A Submicrometre Silicon-on-Insulator Resonator for Ultrasound Detection. Nature 2020, 585 , 372– 378, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2685-y

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

437

A submicrometre silicon-on-insulator resonator for ultrasound detection

Shnaiderman, Rami; Wissmeyer, Georg; Uelgen, Okan; Mustafa, Qutaiba; Chmyrov, Andriy; Ntziachristos, Vasilis

Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2020), 585 (7825), 372-378CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Research)

Abstr.: Ultrasound detectors use high-frequency sound waves to image objects and measure distances, but the resoln. of these readings is limited by the phys. dimensions of the detecting element. Point-like broadband ultrasound detection can greatly increase the resoln. of ultrasonog. and optoacoustic (photoacoustic) imaging1,2, but current ultrasound detectors, such as those used for medical imaging, cannot be miniaturized sufficiently. Piezoelec. transducers lose sensitivity quadratically with size redn.3, and optical microring resonators4 and Fabry-Pe´rot etalons5 cannot adequately confine light to dimensions smaller than about 50 μm. Micromachining methods have been used to generate arrays of capacitive6 and piezoelec.7 transducers, but with bandwidths of only a few megahertz and dimensions exceeding 70 μm. Here we use the widely available silicon-on-insulator technol. to develop a miniaturized ultrasound detector, with a sensing area of only 220 nanometers by 500 nanometers. The silicon-on-insulator-based optical resonator design provides per-area sensitivity that is 1,000 times higher than that of microring resonators and 100,000,000 times better than that of piezoelec. detectors. Our design also enables an ultrawide detection bandwidth, reaching 230 MHz at -6 decibels. In addn. to making the detectors suitable for manuf. in very dense arrays, we show that the submicrometre sensing area enables super-resoln. detection and imaging performance. We demonstrate imaging of features 50 times smaller than the wavelength of ultrasound detected. Our detector enables ultra-miniaturization of ultrasound readings, enabling ultrasound imaging at a resoln. comparable to that achieved with optical microscopy, and potentially enabling the development of very dense ultrasound arrays on a silicon chip.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXitVKrsrfJ&md5=8ff054f17a2ea03f42ab66d566599d28

438

Satzinger, K. J. ; Zhong, Y. P. ; Chang, H.-S. ; Peairs, G. A. ; Bienfait, A. ; Chou, M.-H. ; Cleland, A. Y. ; Conner, C. R. ; Dumur, É. ; Grebel, J. Quantum Control of Surface Acoustic-Wave Phonons. Nature 2018, 563 , 661– 665, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0719-5

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

438

Quantum control of surface acoustic-wave phonons

Satzinger, K. J.; Zhong, Y. P.; Chang, H.-S.; Peairs, G. A.; Bienfait, A.; Chou, Ming-Han; Cleland, A. Y.; Conner, C. R.; Dumur, E.; Grebel, J.; Gutierrez, I.; November, B. H.; Povey, R. G.; Whiteley, S. J.; Awschalom, D. D.; Schuster, D. I.; Cleland, A. N.

Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2018), 563 (7733), 661-665CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Research)

One of the hallmarks of quantum physics is the generation of non-classical quantum states and superpositions, which has been demonstrated in several quantum systems, including ions, solid-state qubits and photons. However, only indirect demonstrations of non-classical states have been achieved in mech. systems, despite the scientific appeal and tech. utility of such a capability1,2, including in quantum sensing, computation and communication applications. This is due in part to the highly linear response of most mech. systems, which makes quantum operations difficult, as well as their characteristically low frequencies, which hinder access to the quantum ground state3-7. Here we demonstrate full quantum control of the mech. state of a macroscale mech. resonator. We strongly couple a surface acoustic-wave8 resonator to a superconducting qubit, using the qubit to control and measure quantum states in the mech. resonator. We generate a non-classical superposition of the zero- and one-phonon Fock states and map this and other states using Wigner tomog.9-14. Such precise, programmable quantum control is essential to a range of applications of surface acoustic waves in the quantum limit, including the coupling of disparate quantum systems15,16.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXitlGgurzJ&md5=edd5f9d8ce869736f6569f0b5572ad85

439

Bienfait, A. ; Satzinger, K. J. ; Zhong, Y. P. ; Chang, H.-S. ; Chou, M.-H. ; Conner, C. R. ; Dumur, É. ; Grebel, J. ; Peairs, G. A. ; Povey, R. G. Phonon-Mediated Quantum State Transfer and Remote Qubit Entanglement. Science 2019, 364 , 368– 371, DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw8415

[Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar

439

Phonon-mediated quantum state transfer and remote qubit entanglement

Bienfait, A.; Satzinger, K. J.; Zhong, Y. P.; Chang, H.-S.; Chou, M.-H.; Conner, C. R.; Dumur, E.; Grebel, J.; Peairs, G. A.; Povey, R. G.; Cleland, A. N.

Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2019), 364 (6438), 368-371CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)

Phonons, and in particular surface acoustic wave phonons, were proposed as a means to coherently couple distant solid-state quantum systems. Individual phonons in a resonant structure can be controlled and detected by superconducting qubits, enabling the coherent generation and measurement of complex stationary phonon states. The authors report the deterministic emission and capture of itinerant surface acoustic wave phonons, enabling the quantum entanglement of 2 superconducting qubits. Using a 2-mm-long acoustic quantum communication channel, equiv. to a 500-ns delay line, the authors demonstrate the emission and recapture of a phonon by 1 superconducting qubit, quantum state transfer between 2 superconducting qubits with a 67% efficiency, and, by partial transfer of a phonon, generation of an entangled Bell pair with a fidelity of 84%.

https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXnvFOrtbc%253D&md5=f533bce107f36ac5f1279514afed1058